Hypersensitivity, delayed type

Type IVb Reactions Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Reactions... 

Ross, P.S., de Swart, R.L., and Reijnders, P.J.H. et al. (1995). Contaminant related suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity and antibody responses in harbor seals from the Baltic Sea. Environmental Health Perspectives 103, 162. 

Courvoisier S. Bircher AJ Delayed-type hypersensitivity to a nonionic, radiopaque contrast medium. Allergy 1998 53 1221-1224. 

Bircher AJ, Messmer SL, Surber C, Rufli T Delayed-type hypersensitivity to subcutaneous lidocaine with tolerance to articaine confirmation by in vivo 22 and in vitro tests. Contact Dermatitis 1996 34 387-389. 23... 

Melamed J, Beaucher WN Delayed-type hypersensitivity (type IV) reactions in dental anesthesia. Allergy Asthma Proc 2007 28 477-479. 

T cells responsible for delayed-type hypersensitivity seerete lymphokines whieh recruit and activate non-specific cells like maerophages into the area of the reaetion. Examples of some of these lymphokines are listed below. 

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

Friedbender, M.H. and Dvorak, H.F. (1977). Morphology of delayed type hypersensitivity reactions in the guinea pig cornea. J. Immunol. 118, 1558-1566. 

Type IV reactions are mediated by T cells themselves. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions from positive tuberculin tests to contact dermatitis are typical type IV reactions, but understanding T-cell function allows us to further define this category, as shown in Table 51-1. 

AIA, adjuvant-induced arthritis CFA, complete Freund s adjuvant CIA, collagen-induced arthritis DTH, delayed-type hypersensitivity LPS, lipopolysaccharide. 

Fuller, CJ, Faulkner, H, Bendich, A, Parker, RS, and Roe, DA, 1992. Effect of beta-carotene supplementation on photosuppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in normal young men. Am J Clin Nutr 56, 684-690. 

Marks JG Jr, Belsito DV, DeLeo VA, Fowler JF Jr, Fransway AF, Maibach HI, Mathias CG, Pratt MD, Rietschel RL, Sherertz EF, Storrs FJ, Taylor JS North American Contact Dermatitis Group patch test results for the detection of delayed-type hypersensitivity to topical allergens. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998 38 911— 918. 

Large numbers of activated macrophages surround the solid caseous (cheese-like) TB foci (the necrotic area) as a part of cell-mediated immunity. Delayed-type hypersensitivity also develops through activation and multiplication of T lymphocytes. Macrophages form granulomas to contain the organisms. 

It is also more or less accepted that T-cells, in particular T-helper cells (CD4+), may develop into either Thl cells or Th2 cells. By doing so, T-helper cells orchestrate the ensuing immune response by the types of cytokines they produce. Thl cells, by producing IL-12 and y-IFN, stimulate macrophages and/or cytotoxic T-cells to kill and destroy infected or malignant cells, or to initiate a delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction Th2 cells, by producing IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13, trigger B-cells to initiate antibody production. 

Muller, S. et al., Suppression of delayed type hypersensitivity of mice by lead, Experientia 33, 667, 1977. 

McCabe Jr., M J., Singh, K.P. and Reiners Jr., J. J., Lead intoxication impairs the generation of a delayed type hypersensitivity response, Toxicology 139, 255, 1999. 

Gehrs, B. and Smialowicz, R., Persistent suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity in adult F344 rats after perinatal exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, Toxicology, 134, 79,1999. 

Kim, T. H. et al., Viability of the antigen determines whether DNA or urocanic acid act as initiator molecules for UV-induced suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity, Photochem. Photobiol. 78, 228-234, 2003. 

Moyal, D. D. and Fourtanier, A. M., Broad-Spectrum sunscreens provide better protection from the suppression of the elicitation phase of delayed-type hypersensitivity response in humans, J. Invest. Dermatol. 117,1186-1192, 2001. 

Rivas, J. M. and Ullrich, S. E., Systemic suppression of delayed-type hypersensitivity by supernatants from UV-irradiated keratinocytes. An essential role for keratinocyte-derived IL-10, J. Immunol 149, 3865-3871, 1992. 

Ingested arsenic localizes to the skin [2, 7], where it may alter cutaneous immune responses. The delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) was suppressed in Bowen s disease patients [8], Langerhans cells (LC) in skin lesions and perilesioned skin from arsenic-induced Bowen s disease and carcinomas were reduced in number and were morphologically altered, having a notable loss of dendrites [9], These data suggest that chronic exposure to arsenic in drinking water may... 

Prenatal exposure of mice to the fungicide hexachlorobenzene (HCB) resulted in suppression of the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) response to oxazolone. Similar to the DTH response, the in vitro mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) was also suppressed by in utero exposure.101... 

Another question is whether an endpoint reflecting the status of CMI should be included in any DIT protocol.1719 For the measurement of CMI, roundtable participants suggested that a validated DTH or T-cell responses to anti-CD3 be evaluated.38 The DTH assay is considered by the NTP as part of the Tier II test panel.3 Although reports indicate that the delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response can be assessed in weanling rats.41 roundtable participants agreed that data are lacking as to whether cell-mediated immune (CMI) assessments in younger animals are feasible.38 Ultimately, the characterization of a validated endpoint which measures CMI, and the determination of whether such an endpoint should be an essential part of a DIT framework remain critical research needs. 

Cell-mediated immunity T-cell cytotoxicity, delayed type hypersensitivity ... 

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