Immunological effects

Various solvents have well-known allergic potentials. Allergic symptoms of the respiratory tract (rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchitis, asthma), allergic contact dermatitis and conjunctivitis can be provoked by solvents. The allergic effects of solvents can also contribute to other diseases such as MCS, autoimmune diseases. 

Solvent-induced allergies can occur at a variety of working sites, e.g., in shoe factories, in electronic industries, in synthetic chemical industries, in metal industries or in perfume and potter industries (oil of turpentine and other solvents). Similar occurrence of solvents can be found in consumer products, e.g., in nail polishes (e.g., toluene). Allergic solvent substances are listed in various catalogues and databases. 

Examples of allergic solvents are terpene products with high sensitivity potential, which can cause positive test reactions (patch-test) or even allergic diseases (contact sensitization and dermatitis). Allergic dermatitis can even be provoked by d-limonene in the air. Terpenes and terpenoid substances are found especially in natural products , e.g., cosmetic products, foods, and plants (oilseed rape).  

Tilman Hahn, Konrad Botzenhart, Fritz Schwemsberg 

Allergic potential of solvent products depends on the typical solvent structure. For example, in glycol ethers their allergic potential is proportional to the charge of interacting molecules. 

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A new generation of antiinflammatory agents having immunosuppressive activity has been developed. The appearance of preclinical and clinical reports suggest that these are near entry to the pharmaceutical market. For example, tenidap (CP-66,248) (12) has been demonstrated to inhibit IL-1 production from human peripheral blood monocytes in culture (55). Clinically, IL-1 in synovial fluids of arthritic patients was reduced following treatment with tenidap. Patients with rheumatoid or osteoarthritis, when treated with tenidap, showed clinical improvement (57,58). In addition to its immunological effects, tenidap also has an antiinflammatory profile similar to the classical NSAIDs (59). Other synthetic inhibitors of IL-1 production are SKF 86002 (20) andE-5110 (21) (55). 

Dibutyltin No significant neurotoxicity reported Yes. NOAEL = 2.5 (teratogenicity) and 1.0/5.0 (maternal toxicity) mg/kg body weight per day (as DBTC) Aromatase inhibition present (at least 10 times less potent than tributyltin) no imposex in vivo in invertebrates Yes. NOAEL could not be determined lowest dose reported to cause immunological effects = 2.5 mg/kg body weight per day (as DBTC)... 

Smialowicz RJ, Riddle MM, Rogers RR, Rowe DG, Luebke RW, Fogelson LD, Copeland CB (1988) Immunologic effects of perinatal exposure of rats to dioctyltin dichloride. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 25(4) 403-422. 

No studies were located regarding immunological effects in humans or animals after inhalation exposure to methyl parathion. 

The reliable LOAEL values for immunological effects in rats for the intermediate-duration category and the highest NOAEL in dogs for the chronic-duration category are recorded in Table 3-3 and plotted in... 

Immunotoxicity. Only a single case report of skin allergy to methyl parathion has been reported in humans (Lisi et al. 1987). No studies are available in humans exposed to methyl parathion via the inhalation or oral route. Based on limited animal studies, immunotoxicity may be a sensitive end point of methyl parathion-induced toxicity (Shtenberg and Dzhunusova 1968 Street and Sharma 1975). Thus, humans may be at risk for adverse immunological effects following exposure to methyl parathion. The limited information available on the effects of combined exposure to methyl parathion suggest the its toxicity is not route-dependent. Therefore, there is no reason to suspect that the immunotoxic effects observed following oral exposure of animals are route-specific. 

Peters M, Waiting DM, Kelly K, Davis GL, Waggoner JG, Hoofnagle JH (1986) Immunologic effects of interferon-alpha in man treatment with human recombinant interferon-alpha suppresses in vitro immunoglobulin production in patients with chronic type B hepatitis. J Immunol 137 3147-3152... 

The only study located regarding immunological effects in humans after dermal exposure to endosulfan was an account of the results of patch tests on the backs of 14 farm workers with work-related dermatitis and 8 controls who were not exposed to pesticides (Schuman and Dobson 1985). Skin sensitization was not observed in any of the subjects following a 48-hour, closed-patch exposure to an unspecified amount of 0.1 % endosulfan in petrolatum. 

ATSDR has derived an intermediate-duration oral MRL of 0.005 mg/kg/day for endosulfan based on a NOAEL for immunological effects in rats (Banerjee and Hussain 1986). 

Immunological Effects—are functional changes in the immune response. 

Muller UR, Jutel M, Reimers A, Zumkehr J, Huber C, Kriegel C, Steiner U, Haeberli G, Akdis M, Helbling A, Schnyder B, Blaser K, Akdis C Clinical and immunologic effects of H1 antihistamine preventive medication during honey bee venom immunotherapy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 122 1001-1007. 

A limited study in animals also presents evidence for increased susceptibility to Streptococcus zooepidomicus (Aran d et al. 1986). Immune system effects observed in mice exposed orally to trichloroethylene included inhibition of cell-mediated immunity, delayed type hypersensitivity, and inhibition of antibody-mediated immunity (Sanders et al. 1982). Female mice appeared to be more sensitive than male mice. A study in which a susceptible strain of mice was treated with intraperitoneal injections of trichloroethylene suggests that trichloroethylene can accelerate the autoimmune response (Khan et al. 1995). The immune system may be a sensitive end point for toxic effects from low-level exposure to trichloroethylene however, no firm conclusions can be drawn from the available information. Additional human and animal studies are needed to better characterize this end point and determine the potential for immunological effects for people exposed to trichloroethylene at hazardous waste sites. 

Marine nearshore Harbor porpoise Adult Muscle Widespread distribution some existing data concern about immunological effects... 

The highest NOAEL values and all LOAEL values for each reliable study for immunological effects in each species and duration category are recorded in Tables 2-7, 2-8, and 2-9 for mineral oil hydraulic fluids, organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids, and polyalphaolefin hydraulic fluids, respectively. 

Quintolubric 95830W, displayed only weak skin sensitization (skin sensitization occurred in only 1 of 10 guinea pigs) (Kinkead et al. 1985, 1987a, 1988). No other studies were located regarding immunological effects in animals after dermal exposure to mineral oil hydraulic fluids. 

The highest NOAEL values and all reliable LOAEL values for immunological effects in rats and mice exposed in acute- and intermediate-duration studies are recorded in Table 2-1 and plotted in Figure 2-1. 

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