Sera, immune

The LD p of pal oxin in female Swiss Albino mice 24 hours following intra-peritoneal injection is 5 x 10 mg/kg (5). The immune sera also neutralized palytoxin s lethal effects. As shown in Figure 3, 11/12 mice were killed by palytoxin (1 X 10 mg/kg), whereas 0/12 and 0/11 mice were killed by palytoxin when injected intraperitoneally in the presence of the immune serum. None of the protected mice showed any signs of distress. 

Figure 4. Comparison of Freund s Adjuvant to Adjuvax formulations in stimulating antibody response to P55 oligopeptide antigen. Relative antibody titers between adjuvant groups at day 27 were determined by measuring the absorbance at 450 nm of a 1 500 dilution of anti-P55 immune sera by ELISA.

Immune sera are sterile solutions containing antibody derived from human (immune globulin [IG]) or equine (antitoxin) sources. 

The /.gtl 1 system is a more sophisticated bacteriophage version of the plasmid system described above and has been used to isolate many different antigens from various stages in the life cycle of the human malarial parasite using human immune sera as well as antigens from pathogens. 

The results clearly show (49) that Immune sera raised to each of the synthetic peptides (6 6r 1 amino acids In size) contain antibodies that bind specifically to native Mb (Table I). Thus Immunization with a peptide representing a single antigenic site, at least when native Mb Is the Immunizing antigen. Is effective In eliciting antibodies that will bind specifically to native Mb and exclusively to the peptide used In Immunization (Table I). 

Heavy metals, principally mercury and silver, are now rarely used as disinfectants. Mercury is an environmental hazard, and some pathogenic bacteria have developed plasmid-mediated resistance to mercurials. Hypersensitivity to thimerosal is common, possibly in as high as 40% of the population. These compounds are absorbed from solution by rubber and plastic closures. Nevertheless, thimerosal 0.001-0.004% is still used as a preservative of vaccines, antitoxins, and immune sera. 

Antibody responses in the H. diminuta mouse system have been reported from a number of workers and isotypes of IgA, IgG and IgM have been found on this cestode. Moreover, their titres increased coincidently with worm rejection and darkened areas suggested that these surface binding antibodies have a functional role in inducing morphological alterations. It is not known, however, whether the presence of these antibodies on the surface is due to specific or non-specific absorption (555). In this system, passive protection of mice by transfer of immune sera has not been demonstrated. 

The glycoconjugate a-L-fucose-BSA was used to immunize rabbits. The immunization was performed interdermally at multisites on the back of the neck and repeated weekly for 10 weeks. Blood samples were collected weekly and immune sera samples were prepared. It was found in later experiments that on immunization by this glycoconjugate two types of antibodies were produced. One type was specific only for a-L-fucose and the other for BSA and the conjugate with a BSA moiety, Fig (40). 

Mild to moderate hemolysis in antiserum resulting from sub-optimal bleeding techniques probably does not interfere with most immunohistochemical staining procedures, but excessive hemolysis should be avoided. If excessive hemolysis or lipemia is encountered, isolation of the immunoglobulin fraction from the antiserum may be necessary. Such isolates will usually appear colorless and clear. Discard all immunochemicals, including antisera and normal non-immune sera contaminated with bacterial growth. Their use in... 

Fig. 13.—A Agar diffusion of immune sera (Se), 1-thio-D-mannose antibodies (A ), and anti-BSA antibodies (A2) against Man-S-BSA (/) and BSA (2). B Agar-diffusion plate of anti-Man-S-antibodies and antibodies oxidized by peroxypropanoic acid for 0, 4, and 8 h. C, D, E, and F Hapten inhibition by agar diffusion, A = purified anti-Man-S antibodies I = antibodies + p-nitrophenyl 1 -thio-a-D-mannopyranoside 12 = antibodies + D-mannose I3 = antibodies + ethyl 1-thio-a-o-mannoside 1 to 6, outer wells contain decreasing concentration of Man-S-BSA. (Reprinted with permission from Journal of Protein Chemistry, Volume 9, J. H. Pazur, B. Liu, Nan Q Li, and Y. C. Lee, pp. 143-150, copyright 1990 Journal of Protein Chemistry.)...

Figure 8-22. Precipitin bands observed when avidin and catalase are placed in adjacent wells and allowed to diffuse toward a center well containing antibodies against both antigens. Wells A and B contained 20 fig of avidin and 25 iig of catalase, respectively. Well C contained a mixture of avidin- and catalase-immune sera. This photograph was taken after 4 days of incubation at 4°C.

Much of Landsteiner s pioneer work was carried out with haptens that were aromatic amines. The compounds were converted to diazonium salts with nitrous acid and aUowed to react with proteins at alkaline pH (approximately 9). Reaction occurred primarily with histidine, tyrosine, and tryptophan residues of the protein carrier. For a representative procedure, see Kabat (p. 799 seq.). An interesting application of this procedure was the preparation of a chloramphenicol-protein conjugate which was used to elicit antibodies specific for chloramphenicol. In this case, a prior reduction of the nitro group of chloramphenicol to an amino group was required. As early as 1937, carcinogenic compounds were conjugated to protein carriers by means of their isocyanate derivatives which were prepared from amines. Immune sera were raised, and their properties were studied. - ... 

Freund s adjuvant. At monthly intervals, the rabbits were boosted intramuscularly with 1 mg of enzyme, again emulsified in complete Freund s adjuvant. Immune sera were collected 1 week after each booster injection. The antiserum used in the immunochemical application described here was collected 1 week after the sixth boost. 

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