Decorators

Figure Bl.17.6. A protein complex (myosin SI decorated filamentous actin) embedded in a vitrified ice layer. Shown is a defociis series at (a) 580 mn, (b) 1130 mn, (c) 1700 mn and (d) 2600 mn underfocus. The pictures result from averagmg about 100 individual images from one electron micrograph the decorated filament length shown is 76.8 nm.

Schroder R R, Jahn W, Manstein D, Hoimes K C and Spudich J A 1993 Three-dimensionai atomic modei of F-actin decorated with Dictyostelium myosin SI Nature 364 171-4... 

It is extensively used for kitchen utensils, outside building decoration, and in thousands of industrial applications where a strong, light, easily constructed material is needed. 

These alloys are of vital importance in the construction of modern aircraft and rockets. Aluminum, evaporated in a vacuum, forms a highly reflective coating for both visible light and radiant heat. These coatings soon form a thin layer of the protective oxide and do not deteriorate as do silver coatings. They are used to coat telescope mirrors and to make decorative paper, packages, toys. 

It is used in coinage and is a standard for monetary systems in many countries. It is also extensively used for jewelry, decoration, dental work, and for plating. It is used for coating certain space satellites, as it is a good reflector of infrared and is inert. 

Fig. 1. The hardwood plywood process using sHced decorative veneers.

Lay-up proceeds by laying down the veneer which is to be the back surface of the panel. Then a sufficient number of pieces of core veneer are passed through the glue spreader to form the next layer of cross-oriented veneer. The glue spreader commonly used in hardwood plywood manufacture is a roU coater in which a pair of opposing mbber roUs are coated with a thin layer of adhesive. As the veneer is passed between the roUs, the adhesive is transferred to the surfaces of the veneer. Adhesive is appHed only to the cross-pfles and in sufficient quantity to provide a continuous layer on both opposing faces of veneer. Thus, in the case of a three-ply panel, only the core layer is spread with adhesive and in that of a five-ply panel, the second and fourth layers both of which are cross-pfles, are spread with adhesive. Then the top surface veneer, which is normally the decorative surface, is placed on the assembly. 

The stacks are moved and again separated into individual panels where they pass a grading station. Those panels requiring touch-up or repair move to the repair stations. Panels then move to the trim saws where edges are trimmed to the final desired size, normally 1220 x 2440 mm (4x8 ft.). Panels are then touch-sanded to final thickness, and pre-finished as desired. Those panels with high quaUty decorative veneer faces are usually filled, stained to the desired tone, and finished with a clear finish. 

Lumber core is a five-ply panel, usually about 19 mm (3/4 in.) thick, in which the bulk of the thickness, about 16 mm (5/8 in.) is edge-glued lumber. Yellow poplar and red gum are desired species for lumber core. Cross-pHes of lower value wood veneers are laid at right angles to the core grain direction, followed by two thin surface pHes of the decorative face veneer in a parallel direction to the core. This assembly is pressed and bonded to form a panel of exceptional quaHty, provided all steps are accompHshed in a desirable manner. 

Plywood furniture core panels, also about 19 mm (3/4 in.) thick, were normally made of a number of layers of relatively thick, 1.5—3.0 mm (1 /16—1 /8 in.) lower value wood veneers combined with thin surface pHes of the decorative veneer. These assembhes were laid-up from glued veneers and then pressed while the bonding occurred. Both lumber core and plywood core have been almost totally displaced in recent years by particleboard or medium-density fiberboard, both discussed herein. This change resulted from the increasing availabiHty and improved finishing characteristics of composites and from decreasing suppHes of core lumber or veneer of suitable quaHty. 

Thin hardwood plywood in the range of 4.5—6.0 mm (3/16—1 /4 in.) was normally a three-ply constmction with a thin, medium-quaHty back ply, a thicker lower value core, and another thin, high quaHty decorative face veneer. These panels were used as wall paneling, door facings, or for fumiture/cabinet appHcations requiring thin panels. Currently, only relatively small quantities of these types of panels are produced in the United States. 

The majority of thin paneling used today is imported from the Far East and is made from various tropical species of the luaun group, sometimes known as Philippine mahogany. These panels are normally finished using one of the processes intended to create the appearance and grain pattern of a decorative veneer or other patterns. 

Economic Aspects. The hardwood and decorative plywood industry has decreased in size and production significantly in the past few years. In 1994, there were an estimated 100 mills operating in the United States having a production volume of 1.135 x 10 m (2). The doUar value of this production is extremely difficult to estimate because of the very wide range of prices for the products. 

Hardwood and Decorative Plywood ANSI/HPVA HP-1-1994, American National Standards Institute, New York, 1994. 

The preparation of flocked fabric using acryflc adhesives is detailed in Reference 198. In flocking, cut fibers are bonded to an adhesive-coated fabric to achieve both a decorative and a functional effect. Acrylics can be tailored to provide the unique balance between softness and durability required for this... 

Textiles. A unique combination of desirable quaUties and low cost accounts for the demand for acetate ia textiles. In the United States, acetate and triacetate fibers are used ia tricot-knitting and woven constmctions, with each accounting for approximately half the total volume. This distribution changes slightly according to market trends. The main markets are women s apparel, eg, dresses, blouses, lingerie, robes, housecoats, ribbons, and decorative household appHcations, eg, draperies, bedspreads, and ensembles. Acetate has replaced rayon filament ia liner fabrics for men s suits and has been evaluated for nonwoven fabrics (79—81). 

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