The Technology

There are a number of alternative methodologies available to the array manufacturer. In the first instance, the array can hold cDNA or oligonucleotide probes. Second, the arrays can be produced by spotting the probe 

One or two rounds of in vitro transcription Biotinylated cRNA Biotinylated cRNA 

A thorough website outlining many of the freely available analytical tools 

There are some important limitations to the expression array approach. Since this analysis examines only the transcriptome, it fails to identify the important regulatory points at the level of translation and enzyme activity [29], in addition to the processes of protein protein interaction. Currently, the expression arrays do not address the issue of alternative splicing, but there are new generations of arrays being produced to examine these events. 

On combine harvesters these measure grain flow and moisture content as well as recording field position, area covered and eombine speed. They can then display the yield map on an on-board screen and make it available for download. Data can be recorded as often as every second if required. 

The technology is not yet available to carry out instant soil analysis of N, P and K in the field so samples are taken from a recorded position and then analysed in a laboratory. pH can be measured on-the-move, as can compaction using probes which measure resistance. Electro conductivity can be instantly measured as well. 

Farmers can buy small automatic weather stations which can be moved around the farm and automatically record rainfall, temperature, hiunidity, sunlight and wind speed and then wirelessly transmit it to a base computer. They are ran off solar power. 

There are numerous guidance systems available. Rehance on satellites alone can be inaccurate because of atmospherics or satelbte drift, so the most accurate systems use real-time kinematics (RTK) where the satelbte signals are triangulated with a fixed ground system, either on a building or on a tripod in the comer of the field. These can give accuracy to within 2 cm. 

These systems are at their most useful when there are no tramlines, i.e. before the crop has been drilled and during the drilling process. They can be used in conjunction with the drill to provide very accurate tramlines which can then be used with or without auto-steering options. A full system which will control not only steering and positioning, but also ground speed, engine speed, rates of application, etc., is called automatic machine control. 

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This article presents methods of synthesis and objective control of special flat optical elements (computer-synthesized holograms) as elements of protection. Due to the limited number of pages, we cannot go into great detail to explain the technology of how computer-synthesized holograms are created. The goal of this publication is to discuss following subjects ... 

FAGCI has the equipment for mass production of computer-synthesized holograms The technology of computer-synthesized holograms is widely used in Russia for protection of precious, authentic, and important documents, such as passports, securities, licenses, certificates, identification cards, etc. 

The technology is fast and inexpensive to apply nothing is used up tuid no contact is needed,... 

The techmque was first employed, in real-world conditions, for monitoring external corrosion in the large diameter steel tubing used for oil well casings. In the late fifties, T.R. Schmidt at Shell Developments, pioneered the technique in those demanding applications, although the technique itself was invented, by W.R. MacLean, (Ref. 1) somewhat earlier. T.R Schmidt has written a history (Ref. 2) of much of the early work in the technology, which contains many references, others which may be of interest are held on the NTIAC database (Ref 3). 

Glass is available with good insulating properties. It is comparatively cheap and the technology of its application is well known. Glass offers excellent vacuum tightness and can be joined e.g. with copper or tungsten. 

Researches when working out the technology of constructional materials... 

Contributions to the technology required for the renewed physical technological infrastructure. 

If GOST doesn t cover conerete requirements for the regime of testing, the procedure may be adopted as standard procedure and in this case the technological instruction with relevant missing aspects has to be developed on the basis of this GOST. This standard procedure must be approved by technical manager of the firm. 

The Research-Production Company (RPC) Zond (city of Ivano-Frankivsk) now is a well-known centre for development, fabrication and introduction of the technologies and methods of NOT of oil and gas equipment and tools Its experts developed and introduced the technologies and equipment which enables control of the drill pipes, especially their threaded joints, oil and gas equipment, sort out the pipes into groups by the strength and yield point of the pipes material, etc. 

There remains a great deal of work to be done before NDE in Civil Engineering ean reaeh the technological standards and level of sophistication which is found in established and traditional NDE-branches. There are NDE- methods presently available, however, which are reliable and which can be put to practical use on site, but their potential is not being fully exploited. 

Through the use of lab tests implemented by the pulp and paper companies in the United States and Canada it was determined that all but one manual technique were both unrepeatable and inaccurate. During some years ago the operators of black liquor recovery boilers have been able to take advantage of the latest teehnology to inspect the wall thickness of the near drum generator tubes. The technology utilises immersion ultrasound and automated computer... 

The topic of spreading rates is of importance in the technology of the use of mono-layers for evaporation control (see Section IV-6) it is also important, in the opposite sense, in the lubrication of fine bearings, as in watches, where it is necessary that the small drop of oil remain in place and not be dissipated by spreading. Zisman and coworkers have found that spreading rates can be enhanced or reduced by the presence of small amounts of impurities in particular, strongly adsorbed surfactants can form a film over which the oil will not spread [48]. 

The technological importance of thin films in snch areas as semicondnctor devices and sensors has led to a demand for mechanical property infonnation for these systems. Measuring the elastic modnlns for thin films is mnch harder than the corresponding measurement for bnlk samples, since the results obtained by traditional indentation methods are strongly perturbed by the properties of the substrate material. Additionally, the behaviour of the film under conditions of low load, which is necessary for the measnrement of thin-film properties, is strongly inflnenced by surface forces [75]. Since the force microscope is both sensitive to surface forces and has extremely high depth resolntion, it shows considerable promise as a teclnhqne for the mechanical characterization of thin films. 

Ibach H 1990 Electron Energy Loss Spectrometers the Technology of High Performance (Berlin Springer)... 

Although the technology of an MRI scanner is rather sophisticated it does what we have seen other NMR spectrometers do it detects protons Thus MRI IS especially sensitive to biological materials such as... 

At first glance it appears that these systems do conform fully to the discussion above this is an oversimplification, however. The ortho and para hydrogens in phenol are not equal in reactivity, for example. In addition, the technology associated with these polymers involves changing the reaction conditions as the polymerization progresses to shift the proportions of several possible reactions. Accordingly, the product formed depends on the nature of the catalyst used, the proportions of the monomers, and the temperature. Sometimes other additives or fillers are added as well. 

The technology involved makes recirculating systems expensive to constmct and operate. Redundancy in the system, ie, providing backups for all critical components, and automation are important considerations. When a pump fails, for example, the failure must be instantly communicated to the culturist and the culturist must have the abiUty to keep the system operating while the problem is being addressed. Loss of a critical component for even a few minutes can result in the loss of all animals within the system. 

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