The Technological Approach

Furthermore, the technological approach holds that the second collision, within the automobile, is easier to control than the first collision, which involves driver behavior. 

Undoubtedly, the popularity of the technological approach is due to its simplicity and appeal as a quick fix. The approach is simple in that the policy should focus on changes in vehicle and highway design, not the behavior of roadway users. Policy benefits derive from the reduction in fatal or injury risk given a crash occurs—the intrinsic effect of the accident countermeasure.  

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In the technological approach, qualitative and quantitative inforraatioii on emissions released by various production and work processes, as well as data on control technology performance, are required in order to specify the air quality target levels that are technically and economically feasible. The approach is based on information on current concentration levels that are achieved by different control technologies, ranging from standard practices to the most advanced technology options (Fig. 6.7). 

The technological approaches to keep the thermoelectric performance of FGM element for a long term can be classified as follows ... 

Hale and Hovden (1998) described management and culture as the third age of safety. The first age was about technical measures, the second about human factors and individual behaviour (Hale and Glendon 1987) and these merged with the technological approaches. Catchpole et al. (2011) in their summary of the development of patient safety research in healthcare, characterised early human factors work in patient safety as focusing on attempts to locate the source of error within medicine. Other exploratory work, took a number of forms, including review of patient s case notes (Vincent et al. 

There is a need to increase the power density of the cells and to reduce costs and optimize system. Technology advances are being made to reduce the cost and to reach commercialization targets. Some of the technology approaches, experience, and development needs were identified in a US Department of Energy-sponsored workshop (Remick et al., 2010). 

Two approaches are possible in the development and the refinement of chemical technology one is purely chemical, the other is technological. The chemical approach consists in the discovery of new and more refined methods of chemical synthesis, more effective catalysts, etc. The technological approach consists in the design of industrial processes where the chemical reaction takes place with the minimum formation of by-products and where there is the maximum useful employment of each unit of catalyst surface and hence of the reaction space, etc. 

In addition, one of the problems in the development of the technological approach is that of finding the most effective systems for the complex processing of the chemical raw material. 

The problems dealt with in this work are connected just with the development of the technological approach. 

Underlying the formulation of traffic safety policy is an explicit or implicit model of human behavior concerning traffic safety and response to traffic policy. The prevailing policy approach, at least initially, was one based on passive roadway users. If we doubt perfect passivity, then we should wonder if an approach and research technique well suited to laboratory and clinical setting (the technological approach) is being misapplied to traffic safety with undue ad hoc modifications. 

According to the technological approach safety policy benefits (B) would m n... 

Sam Peltzman s methodological approach differs from the technological approach in that he focuses on human behavior especially driver choice. He begins with an individual benefit-cost framework to traffic safety and combines with it findings from other safety studies to construct counterfactual estimates of traffic fatality rates, hypothetical rates which would have occurred without a national traffic safety policy. We will examine his study in some detail because most of the studies are similar m crucial aspects and hence we can examine other studies more quickly. Peltzman s study is pivotal in that it was one of the first comprehensive evaluative studies. It reintroduced human behavior into traffic safety thinking. 

The surprising results found by Robertson have been examined more closely by Lloyd Orr. Orr reanalyzes the same FARS data using the technological approach implicit in Robertson s research. The difference is Orr does not accept Robertson s use of truck rates and the car-truck dummy variable in the regressions. He gives two reasons ... 

A cogent question is whether or not the vehicle safety standards produced any safety gains. The claim that any change in the fatality rate must be due to safety policy is shown to be absurd. Instead, the comprehensive studies which estimate the safety impacts of the set of standards on fatality rates were reviewed and compared to the original predictions based on the technological approach. Most of the later studies are bottom-line analysis which employ some variant of the individual net benefit approach. The following conclusions are drawn ... 

Evaluative review of modern traffic safety policy, especially automobile safety standards, yields several results. The technological approach, the basis for the 1966 legislation, is shown to produce mistakes. Benefits are overestimated and endangerment of nonoccupants is ignored. The risk homeostatic approach, the devil s idea to some in the safety community, is shown to be a limiting case of the more general individual net benefit approach. Rationality and competency in travelers safety decisions are reviewed in a broad context. Evidence beyond the realm of behavioral... 

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