A Weather Station

The use of sympathetic inks reached a peak in the 18th century. These are solutions of dyestuffs which were said to exert secret effects the most famous is based on cobalt dichloride. They were for example used in the barometer flower which is described as follows by a contemporary writer  

The anhydrous chloride is prepared by heating, and it dissolves readily in alcohol with a deep blue color. A saturated blue solution to which water is carefully added (to be sprayed from a wash bottle) becomes first violet and then, with more water, red. (According to A. Winkler, alcoholic cobalt chloride solution can be used for an approximate colorimetric water determination). 

A very concentrated red chloride solution turns blue-violet upon heating. 

Red cobalt chloride solution becomes deep blue if one introduces a sufficient amount of concentrated hydrochloric acid . .. 

Handwriting applied to paper with the aid of a goose-quill feather in the form of a moderately dilute chloride solution appears upon drying to be pale red or even invisible if pink paper is utilized, but it shows up clearly with a blue color upon gentle warming (e.g., over a Bunsen burner). 

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Weather station/ weather data requirements A On-site weather station is preferred and may be mandatory for certain studies. Minimally, a station must be located within 10 km of test site In certain cases, a weather station located within 10 km of the test site may be sufficient. If water balances are to be determined, an on-site weather station is necessary to measure, at a minimum, precipitation, solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity, and air temperature... 

Weather Air temperature, relative humidity, precipitation, solar radiation, air velocity and wind direction were measured by a weather station at the snow storage pump house. The summers of 2000-2004 were warmer and rainier than mean summer of 1961-1990. In 2002 the summer mean temperature was 4.1°C warmer than the average year. In 2001 and 2002... 

Figure 1. Collection sites along the California coast (rectangles) and the ESS A weather stations (circles)...

A Weather Station Approx. Location 4 Mylor I5X46cm(6XI8in)sheets, all stations 2 Air filters,all except 12.5(41ft)and 25m(82ft) 4 Flots of plants at oil stations Nofth 1... 

The basic equipment of a weather station is comprised of a facility referred to as Meteorological Automatic Weather Station (MAWS). A MAWS is equipped with electric sensors a PtlOO resistance sensor for temperature, a... 

Byrd set up a weather station at 80°08 S and 163°57 W on the Ross Ice Shelf and moved there in March of 1934 in order to spend the winter making a continuous series of weather observations. At first, all appeared to be well until his team members at Little America II noticed that Byrd was beginning to behave erratically. They quickly organized a small tractor train in August of 1934 and brought Byrd back to Little America II where he recovered from what was later... 

Weather condition The results of consequence predictions can vary to a significant extent based on input weather factors like wind speed, direction, stability class etc. (Marx and Cornwell, 2009). The variability in individual risk levels, when using actual wind direction data recorded at a weather station compared to an assumed equal probability wind direction averaged across eight wind directions, is shown in Figure 6. 

To evaluate the wind speed at height H it is necessary to know the value of for the required location. This may be obtained either from a local weather station or from wind contour maps of the country. Normally, represents the hourly mean wind speed that is exceeded 50% of the time at a particular site. 

When relatively small amounts of hydrogen are required, perhaps in remote locations such as weather stations, then small transportable generators can be used which can produce I-I7m h. During production a 1 1 molar mixture of methanol and water is vaporized and passed over a base-metal chromite" type catalyst at 4(X)°C where it is cracked into hydrogen and carbon monoxide subsequently steam reacts with the carbon monoxide to produce the dioxide and more hydrogen ... 

If basic calculations such as those presented are to be conducted, it is important to collect enough weather parameters to calculate reference evapotranspiration ETf). An on-site weather station should be considered a basic requirement minimum sensor requirements to calculate a Penman equation would include solar radiation, wind speed, relative humidity or actual vapor pressure, and air temperature. An on-site rain gauge is essential but it is also a good idea to have a rain gauge on the weather station even if it is not directly on-site. The most accurate variations of the Penman equation calculate Tq on an hourly basis. However, Penman routines using daily summaries are typically satisfactory for the purpose of calculating soil-water recharge. 

Portable weather stations are useful to have available at the field laboratory for acquiring weather data during the course of the worker exposure/re-entry study. There are a variety of portable weather stations available from a variety of suppliers. Weather data to be collected are rainfall, wind direction, wind speed, air temperature, and relative humidity. These electronic weather stations will record the necessary weather parameters on a routine basis. The data are stored and can be transferred to a laptop computer or disk as desired by the Field Scientist. Such portable electronic weather stations are useful during the course of the dislodgeable residue portion of a worker re-entry study when dislodgeable residue samples are taken from remote test sites over the course of a 30-day period. 

The heart of the Data Acquisition System is the HP-85 (Hewlett-Packard, 1982) microcomputer which has been interfaced to a Wrenn Counter (Wrenn ert aj., 1975) using a Ludlum model 2200 scaler rate meter (Ludlum Measurements, Inc., 1982), a Rainwise weather station (Rainwise, Inc., 1984), and a water meter. These various components are interfaced to the HP-85 via a peripheral interface circuit as shown in the block diagram of Figure 1. For the interface to function properly, the General Purpose I/O (GPIO) has been configured such that two of its ports (A and B) form a 16-bit input port while ports C and D form a 16-bit output port. 

The weather station is fitted with various sensors and is capable of monitoring the following parameters Time, indoor temperature, outdoor temperature, barometric pressure, wind direction, wind speed, rainfall and humidity. The water meter used in our demonstration is a Neptune (Neptune Measurement Company, 1984) impulse switch which develops an electrical impulse for every ounce of water flow. 

A relatively simple statistical downscaling technique which may be applied quickly to a large number of models is the use of correction factors based on monthly relationships between observed data collected at a particular weather station and the relevant RCM control data set for the appropriate grid-cell [40], These monthly differences (for temperature) and ratios (for precipitation) between the control and the point observations (i.e. not the gridded interpolated CRU data set) can then be used to correct the daily RCM control and scenario data. This gives bias-corrected scenarios of temperature and precipitation, which can then be used as input to hydrological models for the exploration of various management and policy formulations. 

Figure 9 shows 180/160 in a Cryptomeria japonica compared with a local temperature record, in southern Japan, from the weather station at Miyazaki. The tree grew at 1,350 meters altitude whereas Miyazaki is at sea level. 

An SVE pilot test was conducted at a service station site that had experienced a release of gasoline. Some LNAPL had been removed, but high concentrations of vapor persisted across the site. The site was underlain by silty clay, which overlies weathered and highly fractured shale at a depth of approximately 7 ft. The water table occurs within the upper portion of the shale at a depth of approximately 11 ft. 

Weather stations located in the northern hemisphere show a regular seasonal fluctuation such that levels in the winter are routinely up to 15 ppm greater than they are in the summer. Weather stations located in the southern hemisphere, however, show smaller seasonal fluctuations of only about 2 ppm. Why ... 

Wind velocities, wind directions, wet and dry-bulb temperatures are available from data collected by the U.S. Weather Bureau or the U.S. Military Forces covering a wide range of chronological periods. Sometimes information can be obtained from weather stations located at nearby airports. 

The meteorologist is not a lone observer of the weather conditions. There are hundreds of weather stations from where the information is collected. 

A small weather station is illustrated in Figure 3.181. Such stations are usually available in both the cabled and the wireless forms to provide all the information that is needed to control and optimize the various alternative energy processes. These units are usually preprogrammed to provide simple meteorological data, and to perform the complex calculation of ETo (evapo-transpiration). The microprocessor-based systems automatically measure the variables and store the data before transmitting it to a user-supplied remote PC over distances of up to about 10 mi. The units are usually provided with a rechargeable battery pack and a spread spectrum radio transceiver. 

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