State of the art in technology

Technically/economically based OELs. Concentration of a dangerous working material in the form of gas, vapour, or air-suspended matter in the air at the workplace, which can be achieved according to the state of the art in technology/the best available technology. 

Measuring OELs is not necessary as long as surveillance authorities come to the conclusion that, according to the state of the art in technology foreseen for a certain sector/workplace, OELs are supposed to be respected. 

Many different techniques for gathering information in physical task analysis have evolved over the years, especially in the industrial and biomedical engineering environments. The quality and quantity of information that the techniques provide are limited by available equipment, and it seems that the quality and quantity of available equipment lag far behind the state of the art in technology. General data-gathering techniques, which are somewhat self-descriptive, include ... 

The objective of this report is to provide Member States, including those just considering the initiation of nuclear power programmes and those already having practical experience in nuclear power, with a balanced and objective information on important development trends and objectives of small reactors without on-site refuelling for a variety of uses, on the state of the art in technology development for such reactors, and on their design status. 

Supervisory practice has confirmed the aforementioned experience again and again, i.e. that the state of the art in the field of safety cannot be represented by design-oriented deterministic standards alone, but, at the same time, must be oriented to the state of the art in technology and science. The safety-related objectives on which these standards have been based are therefore crucial. For this reason, design-oriented standards in general do not define how basic safety-related objectives have to be satisfied. 

Due to thermal effects such devices must operate at temperatures well below the electron charging energy of 2C. With state-of-the-art fabrication technology, the capacitance is typically of the order 10 F, which requires temperatures below 1 K. Even with further miniaturisation, it is unlikely that these devices will be feasible at room temperature. Even so, there has been work in modeling this type of device for use in digital circuits (73). 

Counterclockwise from top (1) Extruded fins offer high performance, reliability, and economy. (2) Hy-Fin extruded-serrated fins represent the state-of-the-art in fin tube construction technology. (3) Imbedded fins are recommended for applications involving high process temperatures. (4) L-base wrap-on fins offer low initial cost for applications involving low process temperatures. 

This section reviews the state-of-the-art in battery separator technology for lithium-ion cells, with a focus on separators for spirally wound batteries in particular, button cells are not considered. 

This review of the state-of-the-art in high-energy propint technology is not intended to be all-inclusive, but it is intended to give typical examples of the compounds under consideration and the problems in sensitivity and stability which have been encountered... 

The opportunities offered by the state of the art in the development and apphca-tion of advanced technologies for water reclamation have been presented and illustrated by means of a general example representative of the abihty of using WWTP effluents as regenerated water source by means of combination of advanced technologies. 

Economic feasibility studies suggest that even at the present state of the art photocatalytic technology indeed can be competitive with the traditional carbon adsorption or incineration technologies in treatment of contaminated soil vapor extraction vents and small scale VOC-containing vents [28]. Rapid progress in basic and applied research in photocatalysis suggests... 

Lowe, H., Ehreeld, W, State of the art-in microreaction technology concepts, nmnufacturing and applications,... 

The present state of the art in blood pH measurements allows for rapid (1 minute) determination of pH between 6.4 and 8.0 to within at least 0.005 units for whole blood sample volumes < 100 microliters. The temperature of the electrodes and sample is generally controlled to within 0.1 °C for this level of precision and frequent calibration is carried out (in some cases a one point calibration for each sample). The electrodes require (both the glass and external reference) some maintenance due to protein fouling, however this procedure is largely automated. The useful life of an electrode is one year or less and the cost is well over 100 (U.S.) each. New technologies, both electrochemical and non-electrochemical, must compete with this attractive performance and provide for lower operating costs in order to be successful. 

The key characteristic of a RM is that the properties of interest are measured and certified on the basis of accuracy. The means of attaining the true value are varied, and several different philosophies have been utilized in the quest for the best estimate of the true value. The goal of all approaches is arrival at the best possible estimate of the true value a reliable and unassailable numerical value of the concentration of the chemical constituent, under constraints of economics, state-of-the-art analytical technologies, availability of (new and old) methods, analyst competence, availability of analysts and RM end-use requirement. The basic requirement for producing reliable data is appropriate methodology, adequately calibrated and properly used. 

Application of state-of-the-art chemical technologies in the aim of preventing the occurrence of industrial failures and protecting the people and environment ... 

Written by foremost experts in the field from industry and academia, these books place particular emphasis on structure-property relationships of polymers and manufacturing technologies as well as their practical and novel applications. The aim of each book in the series is to provide readers with an in-depth treatment of the state-of-the-art in that field of polymer technology. Collectively, the series will provide a definitive library of the latest advances in the major polymer families as well as significant new fields of development in polymer science. 

The earlier chapters in this book focus on the current state-of-the-art in HPLC and provide useful practical advice for analyzing pharmaceuticals by HPLC. In this chapter, we plan to offer a glimpse into the new developments in HPLC and discuss how these advances can help improve the performance of HPLC. The progress in HPLC technology has been driven by the need to improve sample throughput because project time lines are short, and the pressure to bring the next blockbuster drug to... 

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