Productivity, in research and

Gamier, Jean-Pierre. Rebuilding the R D Engine in Big Pharma. Harvard Business Review 86, no. 5 (May 2008) 68-76. An analysis of recent declines in stock prices of pharmaceutical companies identifies one major source of the problem—declining productivity in research and development of new drugs. The author recommends reorganization of the research divisions to become more flexible and decentralized and to better exploit the enthusiasm of scientists. 

Concerns over safe handling of radioactive materials and issues around the cost and disposal of low level radioactive waste has stimulated the development of nonradiometric products and technologies with the aim of replacing radioactive tracers in research and medical diagnosis (25). However, for many of the appHcations described, radioactive tracer technology is expected to continue to be widely used because of its sensitivity and specificity when compared with colorimetric, fluorescent, or chemiluminescent detection methods. 

Catalysts. Silver and silver compounds are widely used in research and industry as catalysts for oxidation, reduction, and polymerization reactions. Silver nitrate has been reported as a catalyst for the preparation of propylene oxide (qv) from propylene (qv) (58), and silver acetate has been reported as being a suitable catalyst for the production of ethylene oxide (qv) from ethylene (qv) (59). The solubiUty of silver perchlorate in organic solvents makes it a possible catalyst for polymerization reactions, such as the production of butyl acrylate polymers in dimethylformamide (60) or the polymerization of methacrylamide (61). Similarly, the solubiUty of silver tetrafiuoroborate in organic solvents has enhanced its use in the synthesis of 3-pyrrolines by the cyclization of aHenic amines (62). 

Terpene chemists use mainly gas chromatography in dealing with terpene mixtures in research and development as weU as in quahty control. Capillary gas chromatography with stable bonded-phase columns, the primary analytical method, is also being used more frequendy in the 1990s in product quahty control because its greater resolution is helpful in producing consistent products. 

ThaUous sulfate, thaUous nitrate, and thaUous and thaUic oxide are the main compounds produced in bulk quantities by Noah Chemical. Approximately 20 other thallium compounds are also available commercially from Noah Chemical, Cooper Chemical, and Alfa Products, Ventron Division, Thiokol Corporation, in research and production quantities. However, demand for thallium compounds is small and limited to such appHcations as synthetic or analytical reagents. 

Progress in research and development in the wood-based industry and in the adhesive industry has shown many successes during the last decades. On the other hand, many industrial requirements still require considerable and important developments in this area. The main driving forces today are cheaper , quicker and more complex . The first two are caused by the heightened competition in the above-mentioned industries and the attempt to minimize costs while maintaining a certain level of product quality and performance. The key word more complex stands for new and specialized products and processes. Adhesives play a central role in wood-based panel production. The quality of bonding, and hence the properties of the wood-based panels, are determined mainly by the type and quality of the adhesive. Development in wood-based panels, therefore, is always linked to development in adhesives and resins. 

L Davies and P L Goldsmith Statistical Methods in Research and Production, Longman, London, 1982... 

O. L. Davies, Statistical Methods in Research and Production with Special Reference to the Chemical Industry, Oliver and Boyd, London, and Hafner Publishing Company, New York, second edition revised, 1954, especially Chapter 5. C. A. Bennett and N. L. Franklin, Statistical Analysis, Chapter 7. 

Rocky Flats is a Government-owned and contractor-operated facility which originated in 1952. The plant s primary missions are metal fabrication, assembly, and chemical processing—with emphasis on production-related research and development. Chemical processing activities involve the recovery of plutonium from Rocky Flats Plant scrap, waste materials and residues, and effluent streams. The final product of this recovery and purification effort is high-purity plutonium metal for use in foundry operations. 

The book is divided into three major parts. The first covers a theoretical examination of the CVD process, a description of the major chemical reactions and a review of the CVD systems and equipment used in research and production, including the advanced subprocesses such as plasma, laser, and photon CVD. 

The minute quantities of enzymes present in cells complicate determination of their presence and concentration. However, the abifity to rapidly transform thousands of molecules of a specific substrate into products imbues each enzyme with the abifity to reveal its presence. Assays of the catalytic activity of enzymes are fre-quendy used in research and cfinical laboratories. Under appropriate conditions (see Chapter 8), the rate of the catalytic reaction being monitored is proportionate to the amount of enzyme present, which allows its concentration to be inferred. 

Walters, F.H., Parker, J Llyod, R., Morgan, S.L., and S.N. Deming, Sequential Simplex Optimization A Technique for Improving Quality and Productivity in Research, Development, and Manufacturing, CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, 1991. 

JB Schwartz. The instrumented tablet press uses in research and production. Pharm Tech 5(9) 102-132, 1981. 

Davies OL, Goldsmith PL (1984) Statistical methods in research and production. Longman, London... 

Scientific software packages are beginning to have a large impact on productivity in research organizations. In a major pharmaceutical research and development organization at Merck,... 

Davis, O. L., and Goldsmith, P. L. (1972). Statistical Methods in Research and Production. Published by Oliver Boyd Tweedale Court, Edinburgh for Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd. (ICI). 

This detailed article discusses how new environmental regulations (in particular regarding volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, in solent products) affect research and development in the field of adhesives and sealants. 

In reviewing, the development of a useful polymer theory was a prerequisite for the expansion in research, and explosion in use, of these unique materials. The development occured in several distinct phases. It was marked by several landmark events and papers, and it can claim its conception as the product of remarkably few workers. It is doubtful that the army of scientists, technicians, and engineers involved in polymer research, much less the lay recipients of the wealth and benefits of the resultant technology, realize the impact that so few have had on their lives. We are reminded in a time of diminishing influence of the individual, that singular contributions have been, and should continue to be, an important part of science. 

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