The Avantium YXY Technology to Produce PEF, a Novel Renewable Polymer

The Avantium YXY Technology to Produce PEF, a Novel Renewable Polymer 

During the last 150 years, several routes to FDCA have been described. After the initial synthesis via dehydration of mucic acid (galactaric acid) with fuming HBr 

In the last decades, renewed industrial interest in FDCA occurred which resulted in the filing of dozens of patent applications on routes to FDCA. Some relevant examples are worth mentioning in this overview. 

The oxidation of HMF and MMF can be done by adaptation of several industrially applied oxidation methods. The oxidation of HMF in particular has several features that need to be taken into consideration. First, HMF is a rather unstable molecule. Prolonged heating at even moderate temperatures and/or the presence of acids or bases should be avoided, thereby limiting the operation and process window for the oxidation. Second, similar to PET monomer, that is, terephthalic acid (TA), the solubility of the produced FDCA in almost all solvents is very low. Though solubility increases with temperature, HMF instability limits the 

Production of 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid Using Heterogeneous Catalysts 

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