Electro-conductivity

Electro-conductivity of molten salts is a kinetic property that depends on the nature of the mobile ions and ionic interactions. The interaction that leads to the formation of complex ions has a varying influence on the electroconductivity of the melts, depending on the nature of the initial components. When the initial components are purely ionic, forming of complexes leads to a decrease in conductivity, whereas associated initial compounds result in an increase in conductivity compared to the behavior of an ideal system. Since electro-conductivity is never an additive property, the calculation of the conductivity for an ideal system is performed using the well-known equation proposed by Markov and Shumina (Markov s Equation) [315]. 

Systematic investigations of the electro-conductivity of niobium-containing fluoride and oxyfluoride melts were not performed. Some measurements were performed on the molten mixtures KCl - K2NbF7, KCl - KF - K2NbF7 by... 

Kuznetsov, Polyakov and Stangrit [317, 318] and on KC1 - NaCl - NaF -K2NbF7 by Kovalev, Ioffe and Datlina [319], all in the concentration range of up to 20-25% mass of K2NbF7. In all cases, maximum electro-conductivity was observed at concentrations of about 5-10% mass of K2NbF7. The peaking of the electro-conductivity is explained by the occurrence of two processes with opposite characters. The increase in electro-conductivity is related to the increase in the concentration of potassium ions [319] and fluorine ions [317, 318], whereas the drop in conductivity results from a decrease in free volume due to an increase in NbF72 ion concentration. 

Electro-conductivity measurements were performed on the above systems using the double-electrode method described by Sheiko [325], and are reported in [324],... 

Both the reactors are operated in batch, and the concentrations of components involved are measured online by electro-conductivity. Data interpretation is made by the kinetic equation of second order. The results obtained in the range of 25-45"C are given in Table 3. Again, the values for the rate constant measured in SCISR, ks, are S5 tematically higher than those in STR, ksr, by about 20%, and no significant difference betvi een the values for the active energy measured in SCISR and STR has been found. 

Iodine dosimetry Fricke dosimetry Salicylic acid dosimetry Electro conductivity measurement Fluorescence method Sonochemiluminnescence of Luminol... 

Some theoretical prerequisites for application of modified and expanded graphites, Si- and Sn-based composites and alloys, electroconducting polymers as active materials, catalysts and electro-conductive additives for lithium - ion batteries, metal-air batteries and electrochemical capacitors are considered. The models and the main concepts of battery-related use for such materials are proposed. 

Using synthesized diallylsilazanes modification of the properties of some important industrial polymer composites based on phenolformaldehide resins has been carried out. Preliminary investigations showed that synthesized polymers in combination with phenolformaldehyde resins were successfully used as binding-components for polymer/graphite and polymer/carbon black electro-conducting composites. 

Besides the aforementioned, preliminary investigations showed that synthesized oligomers and polymers, in combination with phenolformaldehyde resin, were successfully used as binding component for polymer/graphite electro-conducting composites (ECC) [15, 16], Obtained ECC were recommended for creation of electrode material for electrolytic section and the chemical (fuel) sources of electrical energy (on the basis of analogous material) [16],... 

The authors thanks Dr. M. Katsitadze - for the synthesis of l,3-dimethyl-l,3-dioctyledisiloxane and 1.4-bis(dihydridcdimctylhyl)bcnzcnc, also Prof. Dr. Aneli and Dr. D. Gventsadze - for study of created electro-conducting polymer composites. 

CNTs have higher thermal and electric conductivity than activated carbon or carbon black. The good electro-conductivity of CNTs is especially important when... 

Deposition of a merocyanine-dye layer on a transparent electro-conducting film of polyester coated with indium-tin oxide (ITO). Two layered structures were studied ... 

Keywords Nanostructured silicon Photoluminescence Electro-conductivity Immune biosensors T2 mycotoxin... 

The experimental procedure is as follows Input a certain amount of tracer, mostly KC1 solution in impulse, into a device filled with process liquid and then immediately measure and record the variations of electro-conductivity at various positions inside the device. The electro-conductivity inside the device gradually approaches uniformity... 

Electro-conductive rubber material Because of its great strength and much lower price than such expensive metals as silver and palladium, nano copper or copper-silver double metal powder can be used in the electronics industry to take the place of those expensive metals for the preparation of electro-conductive rubbers [191], electro-conductive slurry, and electrode materials etc. in addition, the copper-silver double metal powder has the characteristic of antibiosis. For such use nano copper or copper-silver powder should be needle-like crystalline the nano copper powders of sphere-like crystalline has very low electro-conductivity. 

It should be noted that, in Mode III the product essentially of needle-like crystalline can be produced under well controlled conditions, as illustrated in Fig. 14.4. In some cases, e.g. for the production of electro-conductive rubber etc, this kind of product may be required. Therefore the feeding mode III is also of practical significance. 

Surface improvement is a very important link between preparation and application of nano materials the specific method employed for the surface improvement is closely related to the occasion where the nano material is to be used. For nano copper powder the main problem is its easy oxidation, i.e., it has no anti-oxidation nature at room temperature. The partial replacement of Cu by Ag to transform the nano copper powder into the Cu-Ag double metal powder is one of the most feasible methods for the surface improvement of nano copper, because the nano Cu-Ag double metal can meet the requirement of anti-oxidation at room temperature also the latter can be used in the preparation of electro-conductive materials and electro-conductive rubbers etc. to replace some expensive metals such as silver and palladium. 

Lu, Qinghua (1997). A study on new type of electro-conductive rubbers. Functional Materials, 28(5) 546-549 (in Chinese). 

Preparation of Electro-Conductive Polyimide-Carbon Black Composites... 

The Thomson effect is related to the release of extra heat in a conductor (in addition to the well known Joule heat released due to the finite value of the electric conductivity) owing to the combined action of heat and electro conduction. In physical chemistry, classical examples of conjugate processes in nonuniform systems are thermomechanical and mechanocaloric effects. 

Electrochemistry basically needs two materials electro conductive materials and ion conductive materials. Ionic hquids open the possibihty of improving ion conductive materials. The aqueous salt solution is one of the best electrolyte solutions... 

DNA is said to be the molecular memory of living things. DNA is expected as electro-conductive [2] and ion conductive [3] materials, base materials for electroluminescence [4], and so on. There is wide number of trials of DNA reported in electrochemistry. We have been trying to solubihze DNAs in several organic solvents including ELs [5]. J. Davis and coworkers have also pursued this subject, and both groups have determined some ELs to be good solvents for DNA [6]. 

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