Enable control

The University developed a method of determination of the material residual strength, based on measurement of the change of phase velocity of ultrasonic waves, as well as an ultrasonic flaw detector-tomograph with multi-element transducers of the type of phased acoustic array. It enables control of the internal structure of materials and products of up to 300 mm thickness, with the resolution of up to 0.5 mm. In the same university, work on NDT is also carried out in the welding and electro-acoustic departments. 

The Research-Production Company (RPC) Zond (city of Ivano-Frankivsk) now is a well-known centre for development, fabrication and introduction of the technologies and methods of NOT of oil and gas equipment and tools Its experts developed and introduced the technologies and equipment which enables control of the drill pipes, especially their threaded joints, oil and gas equipment, sort out the pipes into groups by the strength and yield point of the pipes material, etc. 

The choke lines are attached to the BOP to enable controlled circulation of the drilling and formation fluids out of the hole. 

The geometry of the system is a further factor that enables control to be effected, and in general, reducing the velocity of the solution and ensuring that flow is laminar and not turbulent will reduce the tendency for attack by erosion-corrosion. Thus the pipe diameter should be as large as possible, consistent with other considerations bends should have a large radius and inlet and outlets should be streamlined so that there is not a sudden change in section. 

A variety of other clinically important infections, such as brucellosis, listeriosis, salmonellosis, and various Mycobacterium infections, are of interest as these are often localized in organs rich in MPS cells. Liposome encapsulation has been demonstrated to improve therapeutic indices of several drugs in a number of infectious models. The natural avidity of macrophages for liposomes can also be exploited in the application of the vesicles as carriers of immunomodulators to activate these cells to an microbicidal, antiviral, or tumoricidal state. These studies were recently reviewed by Emmen and Storm (1987), Popescu et al. (1987), and Alving (1988). In addition to the treatment of "old" infectious diseases, the concept of MPS-directed drug delivery is of considerable interest for the therapy AIDS, possibly enabling control of human immunodeficiency virus replication in human macrophages. 

At Leica Biosystems Newcastle Ltd., invasive breast cancer tissue controls, demonstrating HER2 expression levels at 3+, 2+, 1+, and 0, are incorporated into all Oracle HER2 Bond IHC System cell line quality control runs. This ensures that control cell lines are validated as a viable assay control. The evaluation of control cell lines should always be performed within the context of appropriate tolerance limits. Subtle changes from batch to batch may occur, and it is the correct evaluation of the cell line staining patterns within appropriate tolerance limits that enables control cell lines to be utilized both in a commercial setting and as an EQA monitoring device. 

Another way to complete condensation of an inorganic matrix is a treatment of the deposited films at different humidity in combination with slightly elevated temperatures. This approach, called delayed humidity treatment (DHT), enables controlled mesoorganization and condensation of the metal oxides (e.g., Sn02) with a low condensation rate.53,54 The thermal stability of such mesostructures is, however, low. So, in most cases, just semicrystalline metal oxide films can be obtained. 

The above methodology should enable control of product configuration by mere change in the reagent. Preparation of natural and unnatural amino acid... 

Figure 8. Gas treatment cell for transmission XAS. The sample is prepared as a pressed self-supporting pellet in the sample holder, diluted with BN. The liquid nitrogen dewar enables data collection at 77 K, and the connection to gas-flow or a vacuum system enables control of the sample environment. (Reproduced with permission from ref 154. Copyright 1997 B. L. Mojet).

SIP-driven polymer brush library fabrication leverages the fact that the polymerization initiation species are permanently bound to the substrate. Since the initiators are tethered, controlled delivery of monomer solution to different areas of the substrate results in a grafted polymer library. In NIST work, initiators bound via chlorosilane SAMs to silicon substrates were suitable for conducting controlled atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) [53] and traditional UV free radical polymerization [54, 55]. Suitable monomers are delivered in solution to the surface via microfluidic channels, which enables control over both the monomer solution composition and the time in which the solution is in contact with the initiating groups. After the polymerization is complete, the microchannel is removed from the substrate (or vice versa). This fabrication scheme, termed microchannel confined SIP ([t-SIP), is shown in Fig. 10. In these illustrations, and in the examples discussed below, the microchannels above the substrate are approximately 1 cm wide, 5 cm long, and 300-500 [tm high. 

In some of the special thin-film techniques, it is now really possible to make a stack of very well-defined layers by atomwise deposition. This can be best done in dry processing, usually in high vacuum. Atomwise deposition from solution, however, has also been attempted and seems partly successful. Furthermore, atomic layer epitaxy (38) enables control at a monatomic layer level. 

Femtosecond pulse trains offer another control knob to rotational excitation of molecules, namely, the control of its directionality. By applying a series of laser pulses, linearly polarized at an angle with respect to one another, either clockwise or counterclockwise rotation can be initiated in a molecular ensemble [27]. The effect has been experimentally demonstrated with a sequence of only two pulses [28], and longer pulse trains [29, 30]. The latter were dubbed chiral because of the directional rotation of light polarization from pulse to pulse shown in Figure 10.3a. Chiral pulse trains enable control of the sense of molecular rotation... 

Dendrimers are ideal scaffolds to construct these devices since (i) a large number of proper redox units can be placed in the periphery and/or branching points of their structure with the possibility of tuning their distance, (ii) the dendrimer skeleton can be designed to minimize electronic interaction between the redox centers, and (iii) the dendrimer periphery can be optimized to get the desired solubility properties and processability to eventually deposit the dendrimers on a surface. Other possible scaffolds are constituted by polymers11 and nanoparticles,12 which are easier to synthesize, but they do not enable control and tuning of the number, position, and distance of the active units. 

Chemical and physical vapor deposition technique has been widely applied for the preparation of such photocatalytic thin films. Since these vapor methods need an instrumental setup which enables control of temperature and pressure, their initial and running costs are generally high and the size of substrate is limited. Spray method, in which titanium alkoxide and water is sprayed on a substrate heated at a desired temperature, affords Ti02 thin films.69) However, like the sol-gel route, the physical properties and photocatalytic activity of Ti02 strongly depend on many factors such as temperature of substrate, flow rate of carrier gas, and partial pressure of starting material in the system. 

Computer system decommissioning can also encompass disconnection, disassembly, and storage (or mothballing) for future use. Accurate specification, design, development, qualification testing, and operational documentation is essential to enable controlled redeployment of the system in a GMP environment. 

Immusoft is a software that has been developed to perform computer-driven assays in our microchips. This software has a user-friendly graphical user interface, and it enables control of the pump, the valves and the electrochemical detection system, as well as the development of specific assay protocols, the running of simultaneous or sequential experiments in eight parallel microchannels, the automatic read-out of the results and the processing of the obtained data. These different functions are managed by way of three main menus, named Method, Analysis and Results, and the software also comprises two additional items dedicated to the setting of the computing parameters and to the maintenance of the instrumentation. 

In addition to the conventional lithographic techniques, surface patterning was performed by means of local polymerisation of the monomers under the SPM tip. These studies have been mainly focused towards electrically conductive polymers such as polypyrole, polythyophene and polyaniline. The easiest way to implement polymerisation is to set either the tip or sample potential sufficiently positive to cause the electrochemical oxidation of the monomer [438, 451 -455]. This technique enabled controlled removal and deposition of polymer dots as small as 1 nm to in a well defined pattern [453]. After deposition, the dots could be read using a conventional imaging mode (Fig. 49). 

An accurate animal model is important for the advancement of technology for noninvasive glucose sensing. Such a model enables control over important aspects of the experiment, such as control over in vivo glucose concentrations and the ability to set the rate and direction of glycemic changes. 

Regardless of the drug release mechanism, utilizing polymers as a drug delivery vehicle enables controlled and sustained release of the drug. Moreover, for a DES, this has the added benefit of localized delivery to a specific target, that is, the stented artery area. 

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