Nationality laws

In Austria, as well as all over Europe, the first and repetition tests of all pressure equipments including steam drums are required for security reasons within fixed time intervals. These repetitive inspections are done differently in the most European countries, but most time these inspections include, according to the European Pressure Equipment Directive" and the specific national law any kind of over-pressurisation (e.g. hydrotest) and visual inside inspection. 

The pressure equipment directive was adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council in May 1997. It harmonises the national laws of the 15 Member States of the European Union relating to equipment subject to the pressure risk. That directive is one of the series of technical harmonisation directives such as for machinery, medical devices, simple pressure vessels, gas appliances and so on, which were foreseen by the Communities programme for the elimination of technical barriers to trade. It therefore aims to ensure the free placing on the market and putting into service of the equipment concerned within the European Union and the European Economic Area. At the same time it permits a flexible regulatory environment, allowing European industry to develop new techniques increasing thereby its international competitiveness. 

The national laws of most countries are unique to the particular country. However, most industrialized countries are parties to one or more International Conventions which provide for the filing of foreign patent apphcations. For example, pursuant to the Paris Convention, if an appHcation is filed in a second country within one year after filing the appHcation in the first, "home" country, and if certain legal formalities are met, most foreign countries will treat the foreign-filed appHcation under its own laws as if it had been filed on precisely the same date as in the original, home country appHcation. 

In many countries, provinces or states have enacted air pollution control regulations. Unless or until superseded by national enactment, these regulations are the ones currently in force. In some cases, municipal air pollution control regulatory enactments are the ones currently in force and will remain so unhl superseded by state, provincial, or national laws or regulations,... 

The price label on any product or service should be for a product or service free of defects. If there are defects the label should say as much, otherwise the supplier may well be in breach of national laws and statutes. Price is therefore not a feature or characteristic of the product but is a feature of the service associated with it. Price is negotiable for the same quality of product. Some may argue that quality is expensive but in reality, the saving you make on buying low-priced goods could well be eroded by inferior service or differences in the cost of ownership. 

If the customer is choosing from a catalog or selecting from a shelf of products, you need to ensure that the products offered for sale are properly described. Such descriptions must not be unrepresentative of the product, otherwise you may be in breech of national laws and statutes. In other situations you need some means of establishing that the customer requirements are adequate. 

The content scope of allergens for labeling was established based on the Japan Standard Commodity Classification. Japan is the first country to set up mandatory food allergy labeling and to regulate it under national law. 

Member states have a number of actions under the Directive. They have to appoint a competent authority (or authorities), transpose the Directive into national law, enforce it and provide information to the European Commission. 

Science cannot be performed without an accurate system of measurement, which is globally standardized and compulsory. Units and standards of measurement are agreed upon and harmonized on an international basis by the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures in Sevres, France, and by the International Organization for Standardization in Geneva, Switzerland. The units and standards are then laid down in national laws. Nearly all countries have accepted the Systeme International d Unites (SI units) as their system of measurement. This also applies to countries that had been accustomed to use British units like Australia, Canada, South Africa and the United States. In Britain, SI units are official from January 2010. The valid standards are available from the competent bureaus, for example Bureau International des Poids et Mesures, www.bip.fr National Measurement Institute (Australia), www.measurement.gov.au National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA), www.physics.nist.gov/ Pubs/SP811/... 

R. McCullough, The use of the Drugwipe in a drug court setting. National Law Enforcement and Corrections Technology Center Rocky Mountain Regional Center, 5th Annual Innovative Technologies for Community Corrections Conference, Boston, MA, June 14-16, 2004. 

It consists of ambassadors or ministers from each of the member countries. The Council usually reaches one of two types of cooperative agreements with regard to the major subjects that come before it.(33) Council Decisions are binding upon all Members, who must implement them in accordance with appropriate national procedures and requirements. Recommendations, on the other hand, are not binding, but are submitted to the Members who then must decide whether to implement them through their own national laws. Thus, the exact status of a particular Council action is significant insofar as whether it requires, or only suggests, implementation at the national level. 

Decision No. 292/97/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 December 1996 on the maintenance of national laws prohibiting the use of certain additives in the production of certain specific foodstuffs... 

The main objective of this directive is to attain a sustainable supply of natural water, to improve its quality over current standards, and to guarantee sufficient supply. This is to be achieved by detailed monitoring in Member States and in a steady improvement by prescribed measures. The regulation load will therefore increase. Based on this directive, the national law in Germany has been amended. 

The secondary legislation consists mainly of regulations, directives, and recommendations. The purpose of the regulations is the unihcation of the law and thus, encroach furthest on the national legal systems as they are mandatory, i.e., apply in full in all Member States, and have direct applicability, i.e., do not have to be implemented into national law. 

In contrast to the regulations, the purpose of the directives is harmonization of the law. A directive is binding on the Member States as regards the objective to be achieved but leaves it to the national authorities to decide on how the agreed objective is to be incorporated into their national legal systems. That means that a directive does not supersede the laws of the Member States but places the Member States under an obligation to adapt their national law in hne with the EU rules. 

In occupational settings, the concentrations of chemicals are often monitored in the working environment to monitor compliance with occupational exposure limits as required by various national laws. Moreover, medical surveys of workers are often performed including analyses of biomarkers for exposure and/or effects. In addition, workers also generally have the possibility to report signs and symptoms of nuisances related to their working environment. Such data, which in some cases are available in the open literamre, are relevant for use in a hazard assessment. 

There are specific sets of European controls, implemented by national laws, concerning product advertising, labelling and leafleting, and their legal status for purposes of supply (see Directive 2001/83/EEC Titles Vlll, V and VI, respectively). 

A transitional period is provided under each of these Directives so that during the period from the coming into force of the Directive until it is mandatory, manufacturers may choose whether to apply the Directive to their device or the national rules that were in force immediately prior to the date on which the Directive came into force. Erom the date a Directive becomes mandatory, a device that is covered by national law implementing that Directive must comply with it. 

The notion of legal representative refers back to existing national law and consequently may include natural or legal persons, an authority and/or a body provided for by national law. 

Member States shall commimicate to the Commission the text of the provisions of national law which they adopt in the field governed by this Directive. 

Theisen, L., D. W. Hannum, D. W. Murray, and J. E. Parmeter. Survey of Commercially Available Explosives Detection Technologies and Equipment 2004, Document No. 208861, National Law Enforcement and Correction Technology Center, a Program of the National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, 2005. 

Padden, Michael, and Thomas Jenkins. 2004. Hatch-Waxman Changes. National Law Journal, February 23, p. 13. 

Reporting of suspicions of dependence should be to the national adverse drug reaction centre, but other reporting requirements under national laws must be followed. 

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