Materials sciences

Method Detection limit [H88-1] RSC Calibration Accuracy/ Precision Advantage Limits 

SIMS 0.001-0.1 1 03-1 o6 ion implanted standards +/+ surface analysis huge matrix effect, interferences 

SSMS 0.001-0.1 0.3-3 SRM +/+ high sensitive at high m/4m expensive, time consuming 

LIMS 0.001-0.1 0.8-2 SRM +/+ for insulators highly sensitive expensive, time consuming 

Bis(norborn-2-ene) functionalized hexabenzocoronene was allowed to self-assemble into a kinetic intermediate-that is, a coiled assembly-as well as into thermodynamically stable nanotubes. ROMP of the surface-attached norborn-2-enes into 

The thus-obtained supported reagent was used for the benzylation of various amines and phenols. Recently, Janda et al. reported on a suspension-type ROMP of mixtures of norborn-2-ene, hydroxymethylnorborn-2-ene and a norborn-2-ene-derived crosslinker for the synthesis of hydroxyl-functionalized spherical supports [177]. After hydrogenation, the support was successfully used for 

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Migoun N.P. Proceedings of 7 Int. Symp. On Nondestructive Characterization of Materials. Material Science Forum, 1996, v.210-213, part 1, p. 387-388. 

G. G. Amoroso and V. Fassina, Stone Decay and Conservation, Materials Science Monograph 11, Elsevier, 1983. 

P. Meakin, CRC Critical Reviews in Solid State and Materials Science, Vol. 13, Grand Rapids, MI, 1986, p. 143. 

Topics in Materials Science vol 7, ed E Kaldis (Amsterdam North-Holland) p 69... 

Unimolecular reactions are important in chemistry, physics, biochemistry, materials science, and many otiier areas of science and are denoted by... 

Biumioh B and Kuhn W (eds) 1992 Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Methods and Applications in Materials Science, Agriouiture and Biomedioine (Weinheim Wiiey-VCFI)... 

As a special development in recent years, SEMs have been designed which no longer necessitate high vacuum (enviromnental SEM, ESEM variable pressure SEM, VPSEM). This development is important for the imaging of samples with a residual vapour pressure, such as aqueous biological or medical samples, but also samples in materials science (wet rock) or organic chemistry (polymers). 

The construction of an aberration-corrected TEM proved to be teclmically more demanding the point resolution of a conventional TEM today is of the order of 1-2 A. Therefore, the aim of a corrected TEM must be to increase the resolution beyond the 1 A barrier. This unplies a great number of additional stability problems, which can only be solved by the most modem technologies. The first corrected TEM prototype was presented by Flaider and coworkers [M]- Eigure BE 17.9 shows the unprovement in image quality and interpretability gained from the correction of the spherical aberration in the case of a materials science sample. 

Williams D B and Carter C B 1996 Transmission Electron Microscopy, A Textbook for Material Science (New York Plenum)... 

Light microscopy is of great importance for basic research, analysis in materials science and for the practical control of fabrication steps. Wlien used conventionally it serves to reveal structures of objects which are otherwise mvisible to the eye or magnifying glass, such as micrometre-sized structures of microelectronic devices on silicon wafers. The lateral resolution of the teclmique is detennined by the wavelength of tire light... 

Microscopes are also used as analytical tools for strain analysis in materials science, detenuination of refractive indices and for monitoring biological processes in vivo on a microscopic scale etc. In this case resolution is not necessarily the only important issue rather it is the sensitivity allowing the physical quantity under investigation to be accurately detennined. 

V Amelinck S, van Dyck D, van Landuyt J and van Trendelo G (eds) 1996 Handbook of Microscopy, Application In Materials Science, Solid State Physics and Chemistry 3 vols (Weinheim VCH)... 

Sawaoka A B (ed) 1993 Shock M/aves in Materials Science (New York Springer)... 

Poiian A, Loubeyre P and Boccara N (eds) 1989 Simple Molecular Systems at Very High Density (New York Pienum) Winter R and Jonas J (eds) 1993 High Pressure Chemistry, Biochemistry and Materials Science (Dordrecht Kiuwer) Proceedings of the annuai conference of the European High Pressure Research Group, the most recent of which is ... 

Schoenlein R W, Leeman W P, Chin A H, Volfbein P, Glover T E, Balling P, Zolotorev M, Kim K-J, Chattopadhayay S and Shank C V 1996 Femtosecond x-ray pulses at 0.4 A generated by 90° Thomson scattering a tool for probing the structural dynamics of materials Science 274 236-8... 

Cluster research is a very interdisciplinary activity. Teclmiques and concepts from several other fields have been applied to clusters, such as atomic and condensed matter physics, chemistry, materials science, surface science and even nuclear physics. Wlrile the dividing line between clusters and nanoparticles is by no means well defined, typically, nanoparticles refer to species which are passivated and made in bulk fonn. In contrast, clusters refer to unstable species which are made and studied in the gas phase. Research into the latter is discussed in the current chapter. 

Andres R P, Averback R S, Brown W L, Brus L E, Goddard W A III, Kaldor A, Louie S G, Moscovits M, Peercy P S, Riley S J, Siegel R W, Spaepen F and Wang Y Research opportunity on clusters and cluster-assembled materials—a department of energy, council on materials science panel report J. Mater. Res. 4 704... 

Prato M 1997 [60]fullerene chemistry for materials science applications J. Mater. Chem. 7 1097-109... 

Jensen A W, Wilson S R and Schuster D I 1996 Biological applications of fuiierenes—a review Bioorg. Med. Chem. 4 767-79 Martii n N, Sanchez L, lllescas B and Perez I 1998 Cgg-based electroactive organofullerenes Chem. Rev. 98 2527 Prato M 1997 [60]fullerene chemistry for materials science applications J. Mater. Chem. 7 1097-109... 

Argon A S 1993 Inelastic deformation and fracture of glassy solids Materials Science and Technology vol 6 (Weinheim VCH) pp 462- 508... 

Gentile F T and Suter U W 1993 Amorphous polymer miorostruoture Materials Science and Technology, Structure and Properties of Polymers vol 12, ed E L Thomas (Weinheim VCFI) pp 33- 77... 

Catalysis spans chemistry, chemical engineering, materials science and biology. The goal here is to enliven the subject with diverse examples showing the microscopic details of catalysis. 

Greskovioh C 1976 Milling Ceramic Fabrication Processes, Treatise on Materials Science and Technology vo 9, ed F F Y Wang (New York Aoademio) pp 15-33... 

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

A challenging task in material science as well as in pharmaceutical research is to custom tailor a compound s properties. George S. Hammond stated that the most fundamental and lasting objective of synthesis is not production of new compounds, but production of properties (Norris Award Lecture, 1968). The molecular structure of an organic or inorganic compound determines its properties. Nevertheless, methods for the direct prediction of a compound s properties based on its molecular structure are usually not available (Figure 8-1). Therefore, the establishment of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships (QSPRs) and Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSARs) uses an indirect approach in order to tackle this problem. In the first step, numerical descriptors encoding information about the molecular structure are calculated for a set of compounds. Secondly, statistical and artificial neural network models are used to predict the property or activity of interest based on these descriptors or a suitable subset. 

Cillan M J 1991. Calculating the Properties of Materials from Scratch, In Meyer M and V Pontikis (Editors). Computer Simulation, NATO ASI Series E 205 (Computer Simulations in Materials Science) pp. 257-281. 

Gale J D, C R A Catlow and W C Mackrodt 1992. Periodic Ab Initio Determination of Interatomic Potentials for Alumina. Modelling and Simulation in Materials Science and Engineering 1 73-81. 

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