Bones tissue engineering

Tissue engineered solutions containing cellular components and resorbable electrospun scaffolds offer enormous promise to restore tissue function without the need to remove the tissue. Recently, studies on three-dimensional scaffold materials became a crucial element for bone TE. These scaffold materials were designed to 

Natural bone ECM composite consists of type I collagen and HA. The HA forms orderly deposits within the nanofibrous collagen matrix and also initiates oseoconductivity and bone bonding ability. However, the use of HA alone is limited due to brittleness and difficulty to process complex shapes for bone TE. 

Composite materials often show a good balance between toughness, strength and improved characteristics compared to individual components. PCL has been one of the most popular polymers used for bone TE scaffolds because of its biocompatibility, slow degradation and ease of electrospinning from a variety of solvents. MSC from rats cultured on electrospun PCL scaffolds, supplemented with osteogenic media 

Scientists have fabricated scaffolds in a two-step approach that combines an in situ coprecipitation synthesis route with the electrospinning process to prepare a novel type of biomimetic nanocomposite nanofibres of HA/CHT. The electrospun composite nanofibres of HA/CHT, with compositional and structural features close to the natural mineralised nanofibril counterparts, are of potential interest for bone TE. The results of HA/CHT indicate that although an initial inhibition occurs, the nanofibrous scaffolds which contained HA, as compared to scaffolds of CHT alone, appeared to have significantly stimulated the bone forming ability as shown by the cell proliferation, mineral deposition, and morphological observations, due to the excellent osteoconductivity of HA [19, 34, 56, 70]. 

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Burdick JA, Anseth KS (2002) Photoencapsulation of osteoblasts in injectable RGD-modified PEG hydrogels for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 23 4315-4323... 

Ren, L., Tsuru, K., Hayakawa, S. and Osaka, A. (2002) Novel approach to fabricate porous gelatin-siloxane hybrids for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 23, 4765—4773. 

Ordered mesoporous silica have already been studied as carriers for drug delivery [1,2] recently, their use has also been proposed in bone tissue engineering [3,4], in combination with bioactive glass-ceramic scaffolds [5,6]. The kinetics of ibuprofen release in SBF [7] from MCM-41 silica with similar pore diameter has shown puzzling discontinuities [3,6,8] aim of the present work is to assess whether these anomalies may be related to structural changes in the MCM-41 mesoporous spheres under the adopted conditions. 

Li Z, Ramay HR, Hauch KD et al (2005) Chitosan-alginate hybrid scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 26 3919-3928... 

B. Sitharaman, X.F. Shi, X.F. Walboomers, H.B. Liao, V. Cuijpers, L.J. Wilson, A.G. Mikos, J.A. Jansen, In vivo biocompatibility of ultra-short single-walled carbon nanotube/biodegradable polymer nanocomposites for, bone tissue engineering, Bone, vol. 43, pp. 362-3Z0, 2008. 

The nanostructured surfaces resemble, at least to a certain degree, the architecture of physiological adhesion substrates, such as extracellular matrix, which is composed from nanoscale proteins, and in the case of bone, also hydroxyapatite and other inorganic nanocrystals [16,17,24-27]. From this point of view, carbon nanoparticles, such as fullerenes, nanotubes and nanodiamonds, may serve as important novel building blocks for creating artificial bioinspired nanostructured surfaces for bone tissue engineering. 

Yilgor, P., Sousa, R.A., Reis, R.L., Hasirci, N. and Hasird, V. (2008) 3D plotted PCL scaffolds for stem cell based bone tissue engineering. Macromolecular Symposia, 269, 92-99. 

Liquid crystalline, ferroelectric, and photochromic systems Controlled drug-delivery from polyphosphazenes Use in bone tissue engineering... 

Bone Tissue Engineering Center. "Tutorials" (on bone tissue engineering). Available online. URL http //www.btec.cmu.edu/reFramed/ tutorial/mainLayoutTutorial.html. Accessed on October 10, 2006. Bonsor, Kevin. How Smart Structures Will Work." Available online. URL http //science.howstuffworks.com/smart-structure.htm. Accessed on October 10, 2006. 

Kim, H.J., Kim, U.J., Vunjak-Novakovic, G., Min, B.H., and Kaplan, D.L. "Influence of macro-porous protein scaffolds on bone tissue engineering from bone marrow stem cells". Biomaterials 26(21), 4442-4452 (2005a). 

Meinel, L., Karageorgiou, V., Fajardo, R., Snyder, B., Shinde-Patil, V., Zichner, L., Kaplan, D., Langer, R., and Vunjak-Novakovic, G. "Bone tissue engineering using human mesenchymal stem cells Effects of scaffold material and medium flow". Ann. Biorned. Eng. 32(1), 112-122 (2004b). 

Flard tissue engineering can include structures such as bone, and several examples of bone tissue engineering are presented in the sections above, other hard tissues that can potentially be repaired by self-assembling peptides include human dental enamel. Kirkhan and colleagues (2007) used self-assembling anionic peptides named Pn-4 to promote... 

Partridge, K. A., and Oreffo, R. O. C. (2004) Gene deliveiy in bone tissue engineering Progress and prospects using viral and nonviral strategies. Tissue Eng. 10, 295-307. 

Rezwan K, Chen QZ, Blaker JJ, Boccaccini AR (2006) Biodegradable and bioactive porous polymer/inorganic composite scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 27(18) 3413—3431... 

Kretlow JD, Mikos AG (2007) Review mineralization of synthetic polymer scaffolds for bone tissue engineering. Tissue Eng 13(5) 927—938... 

V. E. Santo, A. M. Frias, M. Carida, R. Cancedda, M. E. Gomes, J. F. Mano, and R. L. Reis, Carrageenan-based hydrogels for the controlled delivery of PDGF-BB in bone tissue engineering applications, Biomacromolecules, 10 (2009) 1392-1401. 

H. Yoshimoto, Y.M. Shin, H. Terai, J.P. Vacanti. 2003. A biodegradable nanofiber scaffold by electrospinning and its potential for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials, 24. pp. 2077. 

Using a similar procedure, a composite material for tissue engineering applications composed of HA and carboxymethylchitosan was obtained by a coprecipitation method. In vitro tests exhibited a great potential of this class of materials for bone tissue-engineering applications.79... 

Bokhari, M. Birch, M. Akay, G. Polyhipe polymer a novel scaffold for in vitro bone tissue engineering. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2003, 534, 247-254. 

Table 2 Desirable qualities of a bone tissue-engineering scaffold [56]...

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