Internal standardisation

Tests for quality of sealing of anodic coatings have become internationally standardised. They include dye spot tests with prior acid treatment of the surface (ISO 2143 1981 and BS 6161 Part 5 1982), measurement of admittance or impedance (ISO 2931 1983 and BS 6161 Part 6 1984), or measurement of weight loss after acid immersion (ISO 3210 1983 and BS 6161 Part 3 1984, and ISO 2932 1981 and BS 6161 Part 4 1981). Of these the chromic-phosphoric acid immersion test (ISO 3210) has become the generally accepted reference test. 

Many modern British Standards are closely linked to the specifications laid down by the International Standardisation Organisation based in Geneva in the above example the relevant reference is to ISO 384-1978.7... 

British Standards for graduated apparatus (with International Standardisation Organisation equivalents ) ... 

IS(TD) Internal standardisation (calibration) mLOD Mass limit of detection... 

Chong et al. [742] have described a multielement analysis of multicomponent metallic electrode deposits, based on scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence detection, followed by dissolution and ICP-MS detection. Application of the method is described for determination of trace elements in seawater, including the above elements. These elements are simultaneously electrodeposited onto a niobium-wire working electrode at -1.40 V relative to an Ag/AgCl reference electrode, and subjected to energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy analysis. Internal standardisation... 

The development of methods of analysis for incorporation into International Standards or into foodstuff legislation was, until comparatively recently, not systematic. However, the EU and Codex have requirements regarding methods of analysis and these are outlined below. They are followed by other International Standardising Organisations (e.g. AOAC International (AOACI) and the European Committee for Standardization (CEN)). 

There are other international standardising organisations, most notably the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) and AOACI, which follow similar requirements. Although CEN methods are not prescribed by legislation, the European Commission places considerable importance on the work that CEN carries out in the development of specific methods in the food sector CEN... 

Establishment of codes and standards (Millennium Project). In order to promote the establishment of codes and standards, the project focuses on R D on testing methodologies and data acquisition for PEFC vehicles and stationary PEFC systems. The goal is to promote international standardisation, fuel standard studies, establish performance and safety testing methods for public use, and reviewing of regulations. The 2003 allocation is 3.87 billion. 

Quantitative analysis in ICP-MS is typically achieved by several univariate calibration strategies external calibration, standard addition calibration or internal standardisation. Nevertheless multivariate calibration has also been applied, as will be presented in Chapters 3 and 4. 

Internal standard (IS) calibration requires ratioing of an analytical signal to an IS which has very similar characteristics to that of the analyte of interest (an element which is similar to the analyte either in mass, ionisation potential or chemical behaviour). Quantitative analysis applying internal standardisation is the most popular calibration strategy in ICP-MS, as improvements in precision are obtained when the technique is appropriately used. Of course, the validity of this calibration method requires that one ensures a good selection of the correct internal standard. For this purpose it is possible to resort to chemometric methods [16]. 

The contribution of flow analysis to improving the performance of atomic spectrometry is especially interesting in the field of standardisation. FIA can provide a faster and reliable method to relate the absorbance, emission or counts (at a specific mass number) to the concentration of the elements to be determined. In fact, flow analysis presents specific advantages to solving problems related to the sometimes short dynamic concentration ranges in atomic absorption spectrometry, by means of on-line dilution. The coupling of FI techniques to atomic spectrometric detectors also offers tremendous possibilities to carry out standard additions or internal standardisation. 

Standards is a general term covering the documents published by a standards making body, such as the International Standards Organisation (ISO). The word specification is reserved for those standards which specify minimum requirements for materials or products. Other types of standard include Methods of Test, Glossaries of Terms, Guides and Codes of Practice. It follows that a specification may refer to several methods of test and that a commercially written specification can refer to nationally or internationally standardised test methods. 

Some of the earliest plastimeters were of the extrusion type but, despite the advantages mentioned, none become anything like as popular as the Mooney, and even now they have not been favoured by international standardisation. However, in more recent times it was increasingly realised that, to obtain rheological data relevant to processes such as injection... 

Despite the widespread use of curemeters, progress to international standardisation was relatively slow, partly because of patent difficulties as a... 

The book collates the many standard methods, comments on their virtues and defects and considers procedures needed for both quality control and the generation of design data. The content owes much to the experience gained due to Rapra s position over many decades as an international centre for rubber research, as a test house with a history of developing test procedures and making a very significant contribution to national and international standardisation. The literature relating to the development and application of rubber test methods has also been reviewed. 

The International Standardising Organisations, AOAC, ISO and IUPAC, have co-operated to produce an agreed International Harmonised Protocol For... 

International Standardisation Organisation, Technical Committee 197, (2007). url http //isotc.iso.org/hvelink/livelink func=ll objId=138465 objAction=browse sort=n ame... 

International Standardisation Organisation (ISO) (2010) Water Quality—Growth inhibition test with the brackish water and marine macroalga Ceramium tenuicome. ISO 10710. 

International Standard A standard published by the International Organisation for Standardisation and commencing with ISO (e.g., ISO 16929). Note for electrical products the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the main international standardisation body. 

Atomic absorption analysis made available to the routine laboratory an analytical technique which initially was intended to produce considerable simplification of procedures for the analysis of aqueous, acidic or basic solutions, and thereby contribute to a reduction in costs. Numerous reviews show the worldwide application of this technique [15, 40, 77, 126—129, 137]. Nevertheless, some 10 years passed before atomic absorption became part of the international standardisation of analytical methods. At present, there are many standard methods being developed on the basis of atomic absorption [35, 67], Some, dealing with the determination of metals in lubricating oils, are already in use [35, 66], although the overwhelming majority, for example those dealing with the analysis of iron ores [67], are still being developed. The first indication of standardisation of atomic absorption methods for iron and steel analysis was seen in 1973 [8]. 

The European Union requires common rules for the clearing of trade barriers. Standardisation has acquired additional value in a European dimension, and the European Committee for Standardisation (CEN) has been established. National and international standardisation bodies participate in the development and upgrade of the standards providing infrastructure and assuring the coherence and the consistency of standards. 

Igarashi, Y., Kawamura, H., Shiraishi, K. and Takaku, Y., Determination of Thorium and Uranium in biological samples inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using internal standardisation. J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 4 (1989) 571. 

Mermet, J.M. and Ivaldi, J.C. (1993) Real time internal standardisation for ICP-AES using custom segmented array charge coupled device detector, Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 8, pp795-801. 

Barnett, Fassel, V.A. and Knisely, R.N. (1968) Theoretical principles of internal standardisation in analytical emission, Spectrochimica Acta, 23A, p643. 

ISO, 1993. International Vocabulary of Basic and General Terms in Metrology, 2nd edition, International Standardisation Organisation, Geneva, Switzerland, 1993. 

In recommending assays, the existence of an internationally standardised protocol is an important factor for the credibility of a given test. Coupled to this, however, is the recognition that there can be a considerable time delay before standardisation is attained and in any case current standard tests have not been fully developed for contaminated soil assessment. Even when tests become standardised, developments do not cease and methods can change on the basis of improved knowledge. For example, a revision of the OECD terrestrial plant growth test (OECD, 2000) first published in 1984 (OECD, 1984) has been... 

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