Feasibility studies

A feasibility study was carried out to investigate the optimal conditions for the preparation of the candidate CRMs of artificial freshwater to be certified for their 

Compound Techn. of final CV (%) between Nr of sets of CV %) between 

The pH of the solution was considered to be critical for the stability and subject to changes when the sample is in contact with CO, (e.g. during bottling). The evaporation of CO, as well as the precipitation of CaCOj were considered to be possible sources of inhomogeneity and instability. Problems were considered to be less if samples could 

The three above described solutions were subsequently shipped to a group of ca. 30 laboratories for an interlaboratory study which allowed to explain variations in standard deviations for ion chromatography due to e.g. the application of dilTerent columns, different eluents, the use of chemical or electronic suppression (conductivity detection) etc. This intercomparison actually allowed to constitute a group of experts and to prepare them for the certification campaign. In addition, this study enabled to confirm the suitability of the procedure used for the preparation of candidate 

CRMs of verified homogeneity and stability. The results of this exercise are described in details elsewhere [5]. 

On the basis of promising laboratory and pilot-scale results, DOE commissioned a feasibility study for a 300 ton per day (t/d) plant to convert waste plastic and/or waste tires into transportation fuel and to co-process coal with these waste polymers as required [23], The principal results of this study were published in Chemtech [22]. Here we present only a brief summary of the feasibility study results for a 300 t/d plant converting waste plastic into oil. 

An important activity during the project initiation phase is to analyse the project feasibility. This study assesses the viability of the (total) project and must support the decision to go ahead with the project or not. Although not really within the scope of this Manual, the feasibility study is briefly discussed in this section because the physical and environmental conditions at the envisaged borrow area and reclamation site, the equipment proposed for executing the reclamation works and the design (including technical specifications) may affect the outcome of this study. 

The feasibility study should not only encompass the economics of the project, but should also address its technical viabihty, legal consequences, social and environmental issues. Although the land reclamation itself may only form a small part of the total project costs, failing to meet the planning could be a major risk factor as it may delay all subsequent construction activities which could affect the financing structure of the project. 

Revenues of the Client can be a result of selUng or leasing of land, but could also comprise the profits of land use such as the exploitation of an airport or a golf course, storage of containers or storage of ENG and petrochemicals, and so on. Potential project benefits may also be derived from port dues in the case of a harbour extension, economic benefits in the case of new roads or railways, safety against loss of land as well as loss of life and goods in the case of a dike structure. 

The project development costs include the construction of the reclamation and its superstructures and facilities. A financial and technical analysis must be carried out at an early stage of the project definition. 

The financial feasibility is determined by the costs and benefits of a project. Most important cost items are  

The project to improve the quality control of lead speciation analysis was started in 1990 by a feasibility study on the stability of alkyllead species in solution [118], and was concluded in 1991. The first interlaboratory study was conducted in 1992 [119] and was followed by a second exercise carried out in 1993 [120]. The certification campaign of trimethyllead in artificial rainwater and urban dust was conducted in 1995-96. 

The feasibility study on the stability of lead species in solution was carried out by the University of Antwerp, Departement of Chemistry CWilrijk, Belgium), which also verified the purity and stoichiometry of calibrants used in the interlaboratory studies. 

The artificial rainwater and urban dust samples used in the two interlaboratory studies were prepared by the School of Chemistry of the University of Birmingham (United Kingdom), which also verified their homogeneity and stability. The two exercises were coordinated by the BCR. 

Steam pressure and temperature at the inlet and outlet of the turbine. Superheated steam at inlet will enable more efficient operation by the turbine. 

Steam consumption in kg/KWH (sometimes called steam rate ) and maximum permitted steam flow through the turbine. 

Whether hand controls and emergency trips are provided. 

Whether steam turbine, gearbox and generator are supphed as a pre-assembled unit on a common base plate or as separate units to be assembled at site. Alignment procedures and precautions should be asked for during procurement. 

MOC of all critical parts, for example, steam nozzles, turbine blades, shaft, gland packing, etc. 

Other works (phases) in an en neering project are construction (phase 4), commissioning (phase 5), operation and maintenance (phase 6). These works will all cany out at plant site. [1] 

Phase 5 and 6 works are usually the responsibility of the owner, the operating company. But most times, engineering company s personnel, such as process and instrument engineers, will also be asked to participate the commissioning work (plant starmp), 

This chapter provides an overview of the process design work. The rest chapters of this book will provide mote information of the frequently used equipment/instrument in the process design work, such as pumps, compressors, heat exchangers, vessels, control valves, and pressure relief devices, or the task, such as line sizing. 

Main Process Design Tasks ILl Feasibility study 

Main purpose of feasibility study is to check all the major process schemes, and to select one which is best ibr the project Usually the criteria to consideiied are 1) cost—Installation (or capital) cost and operation cost, 2) 

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Having defined and gathered data adequate for an initial reserves estimation, the next step is to look at the various options to develop the field. The objective of the feasibility study is to document various technical options, of which at least one should be economically viable. The study will contain the subsurface development options, the process design, equipment sizes, the proposed locations (e.g. offshore platforms), and the crude evacuation and export system. The cases considered will be accompanied by a cost estimate and planning schedule. Such a document gives a complete overview of all the requirements, opportunities, risks and constraints. 

Based on the results of the feasibility study, and assuming that at least one option is economically viable, a field development plan can now be formulated and subsequently executed. The plan is a key document used for achieving proper communication, discussion and agreement on the activities required for the development of a new field, or extension to an existing development. 

When preparing feasibility studies, it is often sufficient to estimate the number of wells by considering... 

When an oil or gas field has just been discovered, the quality of the information available about the well stream may be sparse, and the amount of detail put into the process design should reflect this. However, early models of the process along with broad cost estimates are needed to progress, and both design detail and cost ranges narrow as projects develop through the feasibility study and field development planning phases (see Section 12.0 for a description of project phases). 

In the feasibility phase the project is tested as a concept. Is it technically feasible and is it economically viable There may be a number of ways to perform a particular task (such as develop an oil field) and these have to be judged against economic criteria, availability of resources, and risk. At this stage estimates of cost and income (production) profiles will carry a considerable uncertainty range, but are used to filter out unrealistic options. Several options may remain under consideration at the end of a feasibility study. 

The demonstrator whose goal is to establish feasibility studies and to size specific industrial tools is now operating in FRAMATOME Technical Center. 

The second application was checked in a feasibility study. The preliminary results show that segregations in Inconnel IN 718 can be detected within the volume. It can be assumed that segregations also in other type of material can be detected by this method. Several details, however, have to be checked before a routine use of this susceptibility based method. Among these details are to determine the susceptibility contrast of v ious segregations in various matrix materials as well as sizing and localisation procedures of the segrations. 

L. H. Goodson, Feasibility Studies on Enyme System for Detector Kits, Edgewood Arsenal Report No. ED-CR-77019, Dec. 1976. ... 

J. J. Christensen and co-woikets, A Feasibility Study on the Utilisation of Waste Brines From Desalination Plants, Pt I, OSW Rept. 245, Office of Saline Water, U.S. Dept, of the Interior, Washington, D.C., 1967. 

A. Chauvel and co-workers. Manual of Economic Analysis of Chemical Processes Feasibility Studies in Eefining and Petrochemical Processes, McGraw-Hid Book Co., Inc., New York, 1980. 

If the maximum values of (DCFRR) and (NPV) are not acceptable to the company, the project should promptly be rejected. If the minimum values or (DCFRR) and (NPV) are acceptable, a detailed assessment should be made. If the maximum values of (DCFRR) and (NPV) are acceptable but the minimum values are not, the feasibility study should be continued. 

Although it is difficult to carry out economic-feasibility studies on projec ts in a time of high inflation, it is important to try to predict inflation rates and allow for them in such studies. 

Types and Accuracy of Estimates Capital-cost estimates may be required for a variety of reasons, among others to enable feasibility studies to be carried out, to enable a manufacturing company to select from alternative investments, to assist in selection from alternative designs, to provide information for planning the appropriation of capital, and to enable a contractor to bid on a new project. It is therefore essential to achieve the greatest accuracy of estimation with a minimum expenditure of time and money. 

In most cases, available methods are incomplete or unreliable, and some supporting experimental work is necessary The methods given here shomd allow theoretical feasibility studies, help minimize experimentation, and permit a measure of optimization in final design. 

A feasibility study aimed at automating the assembly of trim serews on a ear headlight design revealed diffieulties in handling the eomponents and the assembly proeesses -eomplex assembly strueture, eomplex aeeess, turnover operation and automation problems. 

Capital estimates are the heart and soul of all project Justification and feasibility studies. Inaccuracies can cause serious harm to a company as well as to the engineer making the mistake. With the flow of a project from its inception to construction, many cost estimates are made. Each new estimate is based on more data, and should be more accurate. 

For feasibility studies on chemical plants, the Chemical Engineering Plant Index is recommended. However, if extensive civil work is being estimated, the ENR Index will be applicable. 

Regardless of the estimating method, a process contingency should be added to the total plant cost for feasibility studies. As discussed earlier, this contingency depends on the status of the project. For most factored estimates, on a first of a kind process that is fairly well defined, the process contingency should be 30%. 

The procedure for a feasibility study is to calculate both the cost and percentage depletion allowances, then choose the larger. Remember, either type reduces the basis. However, percentage depletion deducted after the basis reaches zero. 

The federal tax laws are complicated and ever-changing. It is recommended that expert tax advice be obtained for most feasibility studies. If no current tax advice is available, many tax manuals are published each year that can be purchased or borrowed from a library. 

Most feasibility studies involve debt and equity. In the section on Economics it was assumed that there was a debt and interest to be paid. The amount of debt, or debt to equity ratio, varies widely from company to company. Some companies assume 100% equity and require the project to meet their set criteria on the entire investment. In this case all borrowings are considered to be at the corporate level, which then provides 100% of the funds to each project. In other companies, particularly utilities, the debt at the project level can be as high as 75% or more. 

The money used in a project must be returned by the project with interest whether it comes from debt or equity. The recent swings in the cost of money have brought to everyone s attention the complexity of setting return and interest rates for feasibility studies. If a project is ready to be built and the loans have been negotiated, the interest rate can be determined accurately. Establishing the interest rate for a feasibility study on a project that will not be built for one or more years in the future is difficult and becomes a policy decision that should be set by management. The same rate should be used on all studies to keep the yardstick the same length. 

Corrective Measures Study (CMS) - the conduct of detailed feasibility studies of the cleanup alternatives identified ... 

The Corrective Measures Study (CMS) elements as outlined in the EPA document entitled RCRA Corrective Action Plan - Interim Final (U.S.EPA, 1988) provides guidance to the regulatory community on the steps practiced by the engineering community in the conduct of a feasibility study. These steps include ... 

Borkowski, R. J. et al., 1984, In-Plant Reliability Data Bank for Nuclear Plant Components a Feasibility Study on Human Error Information, ORNL/TM 9066, March. 

Conduct a feasibility study. This should discover whether accomplishment of the objective is feasible and propose several strategies or conceptual solutions for consideration. If feasible, approval to proceed should be secured. 

Conduct a feasibility study to discover whether accomplishment of the requirements is feasible. 

Shioda, S. (1991). Results of Feasibility Studies on Closed Cycle MHD Power Plants. Proceedings Plasma Technology Conference, Sydney, Australia, pp. 189-200. 

Only if all of the above three questions are answered in the affirmative can and should the device of system be made. The gathering of information to answer these questions is called the feasibility study. 

In the absence of reliable information and during the preliminary planning stage (feasibility studies, etc.) the following occupancy values can be employed ... 

Standards for the project were set in the detailed project specifications created in the planning stage. The project manager must constantly refer to these specifications and make sure the project team is also referencing them. If the project deviates from the original specifications, there is no guarantee that the success predicted by the feasibility studies will actually happen - the product or project outcome might fail to meet performance standards. 

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