Bone softening

Dehciency can lead to a bone-softening disease, like rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, and it can contribute to osteoporosis. Vitamin D overdose is rare, but it can lead to hypercalcemia and it can develop in anorexia, nausea, and vomiting. Vitamin D is relatively stable in fat solutions, e.g., it is not inactivated by pasteurization or sterilization. It oxidizes in contact with air and in acid solutions. 

Early symptoms would be loss of appetite, weakness, weight loss, and bone pains. Later, bone softening and weakening, bone malformation, and poor development of teeth would mean rickets was setting in. 

Vitamin D is essential for bone formation. Without vitamin D, calcium and phosphorus could not be assimilated into the body or deposited onto the bones. In centuries past, deficiency of vitamin D caused a bone-softening disease called rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults. In this country, milk was fortified with vitamin D in the first half of the last century to put an end to the deficiency diseases, and it almost succeeded. Doctors still run into a case every now and then. 

Now that the mechanism of action of vitamin D has been discussed, it will be easier to understand the morbid anatomy and the clinical aspect of rickets [18, 19]. Vitamin D deficiency leads to low calcium absorption through the intestinal tract, and thereby to deficient mineralization of bone matrix. When rickets develops in the young child, all bones soften with typical malformation. The long bones are curved, especially the tibia, which often acquires a saber-blade shape. The thorax is distorted as a result of scoliosis and kyphosis and enlargement of the lower part of the thoracic cage. The pelvic bones are often underdeveloped and lead to narrowing of the pelvic lumen, which may be responsible for dystocia of the female patient. The bones of the skull are soft and flattened and present an appearance described as crania tabes. 

Osteomalacie in edults, in which the bones soften, become distorted, and fracture easily. 

Amendola, L., Gasbarrini, A., Fosco, M., Simoes, C.E., Terzi, S., Delure, F., Boriani, S., 2011. Fenestrated pedicle screws for cement-augmented purchase in patients with bone softening a review of 21 cases. The Journal of Orthopaedics and Traumatology Official Journal of the Itahan Society of Orthopaedics and Traumatology 12,193-199. 

The most severe form of chronic cadmium (Cd) poisoning caused by prolonged oral Cd ingestion is Itai-itai disease, which developed in numerous inhabitants of the Jinzu River basin in Toyama Prefecture, Japan in the 1950s (Figure 20.7). For the first time, cadmium pollution was shown to have severe consequences on human health, particularly in women. The most important effects were softening of the bones and kidney failure. The name of the disease is derived from the painful screams (Japanese /to/) caused by the severe pain in the... 

The site and type of bone deformity seen in rickets depend on the age of the child. In a small infant, deformities of the forearms and anterior bowing of the distal tibias are more common. Clinical features such as craniotabes (areas of thinning and softening in the bones of the skull), hypotonia, and tetany are common in vitamin D-deficiency rickets, which occurs more frequently in infants 1 year old or younger. These features may be absent in calcium-deficiency rickets, which usually presents after the age of 1 year or after the child has been... 

In reality, the cremation process must take place between fairly precise thermal boundaries. At temperatures of over 1100 to 1200°C (2010 to 2190°F) one encounters the phenomenon of sintering, where the bones of the corpse and the oven refractory begin to soften and to melt together (fuse), and... 

Osteomalacia is a general term that describes the softening of the bone due to defective bone mineralisation. Osteomalacia in children is known as rickets. It is caused by a lack of vitamin D, calcium and phosphate, which may be a result of dietary or genetic factors or malabsorption... 

Cut and carved into thin slivers, bone can be used as an inlay materiaL Bone cannot be softened, so must be cut or carved into any required shape. 

The New Digester or Engine for Softening Bones, London, 1681 Continuation of the New Digester of Bones, London, 1687 Dickinson, Nature, 1947,160, 422. 

Ingestion > inhalation. Osteomalacia (softening of bones). Neurotoxicity effects include neurofibrillary tangles behavioral changes possible causative agent of Alzheimer s disease, some human dementia syndromes. Exposure to Al dusts can trigger lung fibrosis. 

Skeletal changes due to cadmium accumulation are probably related to calcium loss, which can be influenced by diet and hormonal status. These skeletal changes include osteomalacia (softening of bone resulting from loss of minerals) and pseudofractures. In Japan, people who ate fish contaminated with cadmium experienced skeletal changes, especially in their backs. This very painful effect was called the Itai-Itai ( ouch-ouch ) disease. Postmenopausal women with low calcium and vitamin D intake were apparently most susceptible. 

Osteomalacia is a condition in which the bones are softened because of impaired mineralization. Exposure to cadmium has been found to be causative for osteomalacia. 20,22,23 Other chemicals associated with osteomalacia are aluminum, lead, and fluoride. 24 ... 

Several disorders have already been discussed the following are additional disorders of calcium and phosphorus homeostasis. In rickets in children and osteomalacia in adults, there is failure of mineralization of osteoid, with consequent softening of bones. In rickets, there is defective mineralization of bone and of the cartilaginous matrix... 

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