Directorate General

In England, the Magna Carta provided a standard of measurement for the sale of ale and wine. In 1643, the English Parliament proposed the first tax on distilled spirits. In the American colonies, William Kieft, Director General of New Nethedand, imposed the first liquor tax of two guilders on each half vat of beer in 1640. Alexander Hamilton initiated an excise tax on domestic spirits in 1791. The tax was resented and ultimately repealed in 1800 by Thomas Jefferson. Except during the War of 1812, domestic spirits remained untaxed until 1862. At that time, a tax of 0.02/L was implemented, which has been increased periodically. In January 1991, the Pederal Excise Tax on distilled spirits was raised to 3.56 per titer or 13.50 per proof gallon. In addition, many states have substantially increased the state excise taxes on distilled spirits. 

Within the EC, two Directorates General have a major involvement with the... 

In India, the Central Mining Research Institute, Dhanbad carries out this testing and provides the necessary certilication for motors used iti explosive atmospheres. But for approval of the equipment, whether it is worthy of use in a particitlar hazardous area, there are accredited agencies.. Some of these are Directorate General Mines Safety. Dhanbad, Chief Controller of Explosives. Nagpur and Directorate General of Factory Advice Service and Labour Institute. Bonibav. 

TNG, 1980, Methods for the Calculation of the Physical Effects of the Escape of Dangerous Materials, Directorate General of Labour, Holland,... 

Thiamine, whose structure is shown in Figure 18.17, is known as vitamin Bj and is essential for the prevention of beriberi, a nervous system disease that has occurred in the Far East for centuries and has resulted in considerable sickness and death in these countries. (As recently as 1958, it was the fourth leading cause of death in the Philippine Islands.) It was shown in 1882 by the director-general of the medical department of the Japanese nayt that beriberi could be prevented by dietary modifications. Ten years later, Christiaan Eijkman, a Dutch medical scientist working in Java, began research that eventually showed that thiamine was the... 

Principal Chemist, tVastes Division Directorate General, Water Engineering, Dept, of the Environment... 

Executive responsibility for drugs and devices at European Commission level is located within the Directorate-General for Enterprise and Industry. This is the equivalent of a civil service department at national level. As such, the focus is more on the development of policy and legal/administrative provisions. 

European Commission, Enterprise and Industry Directorate-General http //ec.europa.eu/enterprise/pharmaceuticals/index en.htm. http //ec.europa.eu/enterprise/medical devices/index en.htm. European Medicines Agency... 

Day 277 Decision signed by Director General on behalf of the Commissioner Figure 6.15 The Cotntnunity marketing authorisation process. 

EC (2002) Assessment of the risks to heaith and the environment posed by the use of organostannic compounds (exctuding use as a biocide in antifouiing paints) and a description of the economic profiie of the industry. Final report prepared for the European Commission (Enterprise Directorate-General), July (Contract No. ETD/FIF.20010617). 

This final report, entitled Revised assessment of the risks to health and the environment associated with the use of organostannic compounds (excluding use as a biocide in antifouling paints) and released in December 2003, is an update of a report submitted to the Enterprise Directorate-General of the European Commission in July 2002 (EC, 2002). 

Dr D. Kanungo, Directorate General of Health Services, New Delhi, India... 

Lobbying by other P-carotene producers — In addition to approvals of mixed carotenes from palm oil, P-carotene from Dunaliella microalgae, and other natural products, the EU Health and Consumer Protection Directorate General was asked for an opinion on the safety of P-carotene from a dried biomass source, obtained from a fermentation process with Blakeslea trispora for use as a coloring matter for foodstuffs. 

Enropean Commission, Health Consumer Protection Directorate General, Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on P-Carotene from Blakeslea trispora, June 22, 2000. 

Malaysia has the DCA, whose members are appointed by the Minister of Health. The National Pharmaceutical Control Bureau (NPCB), within the Pharmaceutical Services Division, is the secretariat to the DCA. Advisory boards are semi-independenf stmctures whose chairperson is either the Director-General of Health or the Director of the Pharmaceutical Services Division. These advisory boards report to the Minister of Health. 

Good Manufacturing Practice and certification of starting materials for the industrial manufacture of medicinal products. Concept paper on a Community regulatory framework , 1995 European Commission, Directorate General IE, Industry Consumer Goods Industries III/E/3 Pharmaceuticals, July. 

Notifications by Director General No. 12 - Seisan 8147, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tokyo (2000). 

Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Agriculture, Guidelines for the Generation of Data Concerning Residues as Provided in Annex 11, Part A, Section 6 and Annex 11, Part A, Section 8 of Directive Concerning the Placement of Plant Protection Products on the Market 1607/V1/97 Rev. 210/6/199, Commission ofthe European Communities, Brussels (1999). 

European Commission, Directorate General Health and Consumer Protection, Guidance Document on Residue Analytical Methods, SANCO/825/00 rev. 6, June 20,2000, European Commission, Brussels (2000). 

Jeanmaire L, Ballada J. 1971. Etude de deux cas de contamination par Am-241. In Proceedings, radiation protection problems relating to transuranium elements. EUR 4612. Luxembourg Directorate General for Dissemination of Information, 531-546. 

Committee for the Prevention of Disasters Caused by Dangerous Substances. Methods for the determination of possible damage to people and objects resulting from releases of hazardous materials. CPR 16E. The Hague Directorate-General of Labour of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Employment. December 1989. 

Three volumes of information on the format and content of applications for marketing authorization and relevant regulatory guidelines have been prepared by the Commission (Enterprise Directorate General) and published as the Notice to Applicants. These volumes do not have legal force, but applications that fail to follow their prescriptions can be returned to applicants as invalid. 

GMP) controls and inspection, although where appropriate these requirements should be complied with. Manufacture of the finished dosage form should always be GMP compliant. There are also proposals for GMP compliance for active ingredient manufacture, which have been submitted for comment by the Enterprise Directorate General and under the auspices of the Pharmaceutical Inspection Convention-Pharmaceutical Inspection Co-operation Scheme (PIC-PIC/S) and the ICH process. 

Also available at the Enterprise Directorate General s internet site at http //dg3.eudra.org. 

EWEA Wind Energy—The Facts European Wind Energy Association. Report Prepared for the Directorate-General XVII Energy, European Commission, 1999. 

Gambardella, A., L. Orsenigo and F. Pammolli (2000), Global competitiveness in pharmaceuticals a European perspective , report prepared for the Directorate General of Enterprise of the European Commission. 

Our empirical evaluation of competition between pharmaceuticals was based on information on prescription drug consumption by non-hospital patients in the National Health Service (NHS) in England in 19% and the Sistema Nacional de Salud or SNS (National Health System) in Spain in 1997. The authors wish to thank Statistics Division IE of the UK Department of Health and the Directorate-General of Pharmacy and Health Products of the Spanish Ministry of Health and Consumer Affairs for supplying us with these data. As can be seen from Table 4.1, public consumption of pharmaceuticals... 

In contrast to this, the main objective of price regulation in Spain is to contain the pharmaceutical bill of the SNS.14 The Directorate-General of Pharmacy fixes the ex-factory price of each and every one of the presentations of the pharmaceuticals included in public health care. This authorized price is the maximum ruling price in both the public health sector and direct sales to the public in pharmacies. Laboratories can only make price increases above the maximum price fixed for each presentation when the government authorizes a general price revision. The markups of distributing wholesalers and pharmacists are also fixed by the authorities as a percentage over the exfactory price. 

European Commission (1998), Commission Communication on the Single Market in Pharmaceuticals, 25 November, Brussels Directorate General III -Industry. 

Smith J E, Lewis C W, Anderson J G and Solomons G L (1994), Mycotoxins in Human Nutrition and Health, European Commission Directorate-General XII, Agro-industrial division, E-2, Brussels. 

EUR 22002, Introducing Hydrogen as an Energy Carrier, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, Directorate-General for Research Sustainable Energy Systems, Brussels, 2006. 

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