Science, basic

Certain items of science that are fundamental to bakery products are discussed here. 

Chemistry and chemical engineering have much to contribute to many aspects of national security and homeland defense. Some of these contributions are obvious and in many cases already underway. These are areas in which the basic science is largely in hand and development is the next important step. 

The general societal benefits of all of these basic advances are substantial. Indeed, it can be argued that the overall value to our society will extend well beyond national security issues and will far exceed the initial investments, because many of these advances will result in improved quality of life and health for all of society. 

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The Basic Science of Hair Treatments, Nestie-LeMur Inc., New York, 1935. 

M. A. Livrea and G. VidaU, eds.. Retinoids From Basic Science to C/inica/App/ications, Birkhauser Vedag, Germany, 1994. 

CD. Klaaseen, M. O. Amdur, andj. DouH, eds., Casarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons, 3tded.,M cmi lanPuh]ishmgCo.,Mew York, 1986, pp. 623-624. 

Casarett and DoulTs Toxicology the Basic Science of Poisons Casarett, 1991... 

Rozman, K. K., and Klaassen, C. D. (1996). Absorption, dkstribution, and excretion of toxicants. In Casarett and Doull s Toxicology The Basic Science of Poisons (C. D. Klaassen, Ed,), pp. 91-112. McGraw-Hill, New York. 

Engineering calculations predict emission rates without tlie use of emission factors. These calculations use basic science and engineering principles, chemical property data, and operating conditions to provide a detailed analysis of the emissions for a specific process. Tliis is a more sophisticated approach tluui emission factors, and is useful for evaluating various operational and control alteniatives. 

Heisenbergstr-1 D-70569, Stuttgart, GERMANY Office National d Etudes et de Recherches Aerospatials (ONERA) BP 72 92322 Chatillon Cedex, FRANCE S.N.Bose National Centre For Basic Sciences,... 

The Department of Energy operates seventeen major national laboratories and thirteen minor facilities in the United States that cany out energy research and development, basic science, and defense weapons work. The combined budgets for these laboratories exceed 6 billion annually, with a scientific and technical staff of more than thirty-thousand. 

In an attempt to develop the hydrogen bomb before the Russians, a second weapons laboratory , Lawrence Livermore, was established in July 1952 to handle the additional work that would be necessaiy to stay ahead of the Russian nuclear weapons program. The administrator chosen was the University of California. Eor the next forty-five years, this LLNL was a formidable competitor to Los Alamos in the development of nuclear weapons. But much like most of the other major national laboratories, its focus also shifted away from nuclear weapons to basic science to fields like magnetic and laser fusion energy, non-nuclear energy, biomedicine, and environmental science. By the late 1990s, half of the laboratoi y s budget was nonde-fense related as the shift away from nuclear weapons continued. 

At first PNL focused on nuclear technology and the environmental and health effects of radiation, but through the years expanded its mission to cover nearly every field of basic science to solve problems in the areas of environment, energy, and national security. Environmental issues and cleanup still encompass two-thirds of PNL work in the 1990s, but PNL has strengthened its role in regional electric power issues as well. 

As to the general issue of reduction, chemists would do well to consider the work of philosophers of science, who have for some time renounced the notion that any particular branch of science may be strictly reduced to a more basic science. The classic work giving conditions for strict reduction is by Nagel (53), and several detailed criticisms of his views have been published (54, 55). More recently there appears to be a partial return to reductionism under the guise of supervenience . Chemistry is said to supervene over physics even though it cannot be shown to be strictly reducible in the sense of Nagel. Whether supervenience represents merely a hope and whether it holds any explanatory power is the focus of much current work in philosophy (56-58). 

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