Scientist

Can science, now come of age, offer a surer path to God than religion This very interesting New Scientist) book suggests it can. 

INTAS (coperation with scientists from former Soviet States)... 

The Ukrainian Society for Non-Destructive Testing and Technical Diagnostics (US NDT TD) was established at the meeting of the leading experts of the country, on October 28, 1990, The aim of the Society s activity is consolidation of the efforts of scientists and engineers for development of their creative and business activity, information exchange, satisfying the professional interests, development of international contacts on NDT TD. 

The first National Programme of NDT TD development in Ukraine was established by the initiative of US NDT TD. The programme demonstrated the significant scientific and technical potential of the scientists of Ukraine in the field of NDT TD. 

This graphical programming has the advantage of being accessible to non programming specialists, but to scientists and engineers. 

Two nucleation processes important to many people (including some surface scientists ) occur in the formation of gallstones in human bile and kidney stones in urine. Cholesterol crystallization in bile causes the formation of gallstones. Cryotransmission microscopy (Chapter VIII) studies of human bile reveal vesicles, micelles, and potential early crystallites indicating that the cholesterol crystallization in bile is not cooperative and the true nucleation time may be much shorter than that found by standard clinical analysis by light microscopy [75]. Kidney stones often form from crystals of calcium oxalates in urine. Inhibitors can prevent nucleation and influence the solid phase and intercrystallite interactions [76, 77]. Citrate, for example, is an important physiological inhibitor to the formation of calcium renal stones. Electrokinetic studies (see Section V-6) have shown the effect of various inhibitors on the surface potential and colloidal stability of micrometer-sized dispersions of calcium oxalate crystals formed in synthetic urine [78, 79]. 

Finally, new mathematical developments in the study of nonlinear classical dynamics came to be appreciated by molecular scientists, with applications such as the bifiircation approaches stressed in this section. 

Coughlan G D and Dodd J E 1991 The Ideas of Particle Physics An Introduction for Scientists 2nd edn (Cambridge Cambridge University Press)... 

Energetic particles interacting can also modify the structure and/or stimulate chemical processes on a surface. Absorbed particles excite electronic and/or vibrational (phonon) states in the near-surface region. Some surface scientists investigate the fiindamental details of particle-surface interactions, while others are concerned about monitormg the changes to the surface induced by such interactions. Because of the importance of these interactions, the physics involved in both surface analysis and surface modification are discussed in this section. 

In the Lewis and Gibson statement of the third law, the notion of a perfect crystalline substance , while understandable, strays far from the macroscopic logic of classical thennodynamics and some scientists have been reluctant to place this statement in the same category as the first and second laws of thennodynamics. Fowler and Guggenheim (1939), noting drat the first and second laws both state universal limitations on processes that are experunentally possible, have pointed out that the principle of the unattainability of absolute zero, first enunciated by Nemst (1912) expresses a similar universal limitation ... 

There are thousands of scientists whose work can be classified as vibrational spectroscopy. The following examples are meant to show the breadth of the field, but cannot be expected to constitute a complete representation of all the fields where vibrational spectroscopy is important. 

Almost everyone has a concept of pressure from weather reports of tlie pressure of the atmosphere around us. In this context, high pressure is a sign of good weather while very low pressures occur at the eyes of cyclones and hurricanes. In elementary discussions of mechanics, hydrostatics of fluids and the gas laws, most scientists leam to compute pressures in static systems as force per unit area, often treated as a scalar quantity. They also leam that unbalanced pressures cause fluids to flow. Winds are the flow of the atmosphere from regions of high to low... 

The one-electron additivity of the mean-field Hamiltonian gives rise to the concept of spin orbitals for any additive bi fact, there is no single mean-field potential different scientists have put forth different suggestions for over the years. Each gives rise to spin orbitals and configurations that are specific to the particular However, if the difference between any particular mean-field model and the fiill electronic... 

Templer R and Attard G 1991 The fourth state of matter New Scientist 130 25-9... 

Demand for temperature controlled troughs came from the material scientists who worked witli large molecules and polymers tliat establish viscous films. Such troughs allow a deeper understanding of tire distinct phases and tire transitions in LB films and give more complete pressure-area isotlienns (see d) below). 

Tu K-N, Mayer J W and Feldman L C 1992 Electronic Thin Film Science for Electrical Engineers and Materials Scientists (New York Macmillan)... 

Computational issues that are pertinent in MD simulations are time complexity of the force calculations and the accuracy of the particle trajectories including other necessary quantitative measures. These two issues overwhelm computational scientists in several ways. MD simulations are done for long time periods and since numerical integration techniques involve discretization errors and stability restrictions which when not put in check, may corrupt the numerical solutions in such a way that they do not have any meaning and therefore, no useful inferences can be drawn from them. Different strategies such as globally stable numerical integrators and multiple time steps implementations have been used in this respect (see [27, 31]). 

It was reahzed quite some decades ago that the amount of information accumulated by chemists can, in the long run, be made accessible to the scientific community only in electronic form in other words, it has to be stored in databases. This new field, which deals with the storage, the manipulation, and the processing of chemical information, was emerging without a proper name. In most cases, the scientists active in the field said they were working in "Chemical Information . However, as this term did not make a distinction between librarianship and the development of computer methods, some scientists said they were working in "Computer Chemistry to stress the importance they attributed to the use of the computer for processing chemical information. However, the latter term could easily be confused with Computational Chemistry, which is perceived by others to be more limited to theoretical quantum mechanical calculations. 

In this book, we want to build on the long history of applying infonnatics methods to chemical problems, and to pay tribute to the scientists who started out decades ago to develop this interdisciplinary field. 

The field of chemoinformatics was not founded, nor was it formally installed. It slowly evolved from several, often quite humble, begmnings. Scientists in various fields of chemistry struggled to develop computer methods in order to manage the... 

This book is conceived as a textbook for application in teaching and self-learning of chemoinfoimatics. We aim to present a comprehensive overview of the field of che-moinformatics for students, teachers, and scientists from other areas of chemistry, from biology, informatics, and medicine. Those interested in a more in-depth presentation and analysis of the topics in this Textbook are referred to an accompanying set of four volumes. 

At the moment, most scientists and students, both in companies and at universities, use similar tools for the encoding processes described. But this was not the case in the past, when research was much more differentiated and fascinating with regard to the chemist-computer interaction. Some of these old-fashioned results are still impressive or some are still used, even now, as the following examples illustrate. 

Then, in the early and mid-1 990s, CAS developed SciFinder and SciFinder Sc ho lar to address the needs of professional chemists and other scientists. SciFinder was developed to allow more intelligence in data access, such as smart structure searching, research topic exploration, advanced author searching, and powerful refine and analysi.s capabilities including categorize and panorama". 

The mathematical form of the PEF is in almost every case a compromise between speed and accuracy. As computer power continually increases, ideally following Moore s Law, and the cost/performance ratio is getting better, one might think that there is no longer a need to sacrifice accuracy to save computational time. This is not really true, because in direct proportion to the CPU speed is the rise in the scientists interest in calculating larger and larger molecules (in fact, their interest always rises faster than the CPU speed). 

---