British scientist

Interest in the synthesis of diamond [7782-40-3] was first stimulated by Lavoisier s discovery that diamond was simply carbon it was also observed that diamond, when heated at 1500—2000°C, converted into graphite [7782-42-5]. In 1880, the British scientist Haimay reported (1) that he made diamond from hydrocarbons, bone oil, and lithium, but no one has been able to repeat this feat (2). About the same time, Moissan beheved (3) that he made diamond from hot molten mixtures of iron and carbon, but his experiments could not be repeated (4,5). 

This scale is named after Lord Kelvin (1824-1907), a British scientist who showed in 1848, at the age of 24, that it is impossible to reach a temperature lower than 0 K. 

Sir Robert Robinson will always be recognized as one of the outstanding British scientists. With admiration and pride, his country knighted him in 1937. His international recognition in organic chemistry was signaled in 1947, when he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. 

The number of protons in an element s atomic nucleus is called the atomic number, Z, of that element. For example, hydrogen has Z = 1 and so we know that the nucleus of a hydrogen atom has one proton helium has Z = 2, and so its nucleus contains two protons. Henry Moseley, a young British scientist, was the first to determine atomic numbers unambiguously, shortly before he was killed in action in World War I. Moseley knew that when elements are bombarded with rapidly moving electrons they emit x-rays. He found that the properties of the x-rays emitted by an element depend on its atomic number and, by studying the x-rays of many elements, he was able to determine the values of Z for them. Scientists have since determined the atomic numbers of all the known elements (see the list of elements inside the back cover). 

The problem was solved by Francis Bacon, a British scientist and engineer, who developed an idea proposed by Sir William Grove in 18.39. A fuel cell generates electricity directly from a chemical reaction, as in a battery, but uses reactants that are supplied continuously, as in an engine. A fuel cell that runs on hydrogen and oxygen is currently installed on the space shuttle (see Fig. L.l). An advantage of this fuel cell is that the only product of the cell reaction, water, can be used for life support. 

A breakthrough in cell modelling occurred with the work of the British scientists. Sir Alan L. Hodgkin and Sir Andrew F. Huxley, for which they were in 1963 (jointly with Sir John C. Eccles) awarded the Nobel prize. Their new electrical models calculated the changes in membrane potential on the basis of the underlying ionic currents. 

Rutherford continued to do research until his death, but the proton was his last big discovery. It was not, however, his last big honor. In 1931, the New Zealand country boy was raised to the peerage with the official name of Ernest, Lord Rutherford of Nelson. After his death six years later, he was awarded one last honor. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, where he keeps company with Isaac Newton and a handful of other great British scientists. 

That fall, Carothers assistant Edgar W. Spanagel discovered polyethylene terephthalate, the polyester that Du Pont later manufactured under license as Dacron fiber and Mylar film. Carothers had made most of the polyesters, but he and others in his group assumed that Spanagel s polyester, like their earlier ones, melted at too low a temperature to be practical. As a result, Carothers did not have this one tested for spinnability. British scientists later used it to make Terylene. When Du Pont executives had to buy a license from the British to make Spanagel s fiber, their faces were bright red with embarrassment. 

What was the scientific basis for these chemical-imbalance theories As I noted above, norepinephrine and serotonin are now known to be neurotransmitters - chemicals that transmit nerve impulses from one neuron to another. But in the 1950s knowledge of neurotransmission was sketchy at best. The presence of norepinephrine in the nervous system was not demonstrated until 1954, and evidence that dopamine functions as a neurotransmitter was not reported until 1958. As late as i960 the idea that neurotransmission is largely chemical in nature, though advocated by a group of largely British scientists, was not yet widely accepted.10... 

British scientists immobilized53 in a porous sol-gel glass aequorin - the bioluminescent protein found in the jellyfish Aequorea aequorea. The luminescence from this protein is specifically triggered by the presence of calcium ions. The intensity of the luminescence, measured at the peak... 

Named by a French chemist, Lavoisier, hydrogen (H) is the first chemical element of the periodic table of elements with an atomic number of one. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colourless, tasteless, odourless and easily flammable gas. With its atomic mass of 1.00797 g/mol, hydrogen is the lightest element. The British scientist, Henry Cavendish, was the first to identify H as a distinct element in 1766, publishing precise values for its specific weight and density (NHA, 2007). 

In the 1970s, the Sagami Chemical Research Center in Japan provided nutrient reference material for the Cooperative Study of the Kuroshio Current (the so-called CSK standards). These solutions were not prepared in seawater, which limits their general utility (see below), however they are still distributed and widely used as a common reference. French and British scientists have conducted some studies on nutrient reference material (Aminot and Keroul, 1991, 1996 Zhang et al., 1999) with limited success. 

In 1897, Dalton s idea of an indivisible atom was shattered with a startling announcement. A British scientist, Joseph John Thomson, had discovered the existence of a negatively charged particle with mass less than that of a hydrogen atom. This particle was, of course, the electron. 

Toward the end of 1964, British scientist Dr. Bill Ladell invited me to visit Porton Down, where the secret Chemical Defence Experimental Establishment was located. Bill thought I would find it useful to observe an LSD field test, which was designed to test the ability of highly trained LSD-dosed commandos to defend their position against undrugged attackers. ... 

Di Marzo V, A brief history of cannabinoid and endocannabinoid pharmacology as inspired by the work of British scientists. Trends Pharmacol Sci 27 134-140, 2006. 

In December 1765 Priestley journeyed to London, hoping to make the acquaintance of some of his fellow British scientists. By this time, he had attained some prominence as the author of a number of textbooks that were based on the courses he taught at his school. While in London, he performed his first experiments, some of them under the direction of Benjamin Franklin, who was in London at the time as a representative of the government of Pennsylvania. 

British scientist Adair Crawford Metal whose isotope, strontium-90, is the by-product of nuclear explosions as a compound, it is added to fireworks and flares to produce red color. 

British scientist William Hyde Wollaston Hard, anticorrosive metal whose salts have a red color, its name is derived from the Greek word for red used in automotive catalytic converters. 

British scientist William Hyde Wollaston Anticorrosive, soft metal often found combined with platinum useful in dentistry, as a cancer-fighting agent easily absorbs hydrogen and used as a purifier of that gas. 

British scientist Charles Wood Durable and malleable precious metal mined in South Africa commercial uses include the automobile, petroleum refining, and electronics industries also used in cancer treatment. 

German physicist Max von Laue (1879-1960) and British scientists Sir William Henry Bragg (1862-1942) and his son. Sir William Lawrence Bragg (1890-1971), discover how to use X-ray diffraction to analyze the structure of molecules. 

British scientist Michael Faraday (1791-1867) experiments with colloidal gold—a suspension of extremely small gold particles in a liquid. These... 

Building upon the work of others, British scientist Francis Aston (1877-1945) develops the mass spectrometer. 

British scientist Francis Crick (1916-2004), South African biologist Sidney Brenner (1927- ), and... 

When Krafft went to England, he exhibited phosphorus in the court of Charles II and showed it to the Honourable Robert Boyle (1, 4, 6, 23). The great British scientist then prepared it by a slightly different method and studied its properties more thoroughly than did any other chemist of the seventeenth century (I). 

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