Paper scientists

Alkaline degradation is possible but occurs much less readily than acid degradation. Degradation in alkaline conditions is of interest to the paper scientist mostly because of the degradation which may occur during analytical procedures rather than what may happen during the ageing of paper. 

In their professional papers scientists wish to persuade their readers, almost exactly as a lawyer in a court of justice wishes to persuade his listeners. They therefore carefully prepare the rhetorical structure of their discourse, and even its details, in order to make the greatest impact on the audience. Werner s paper is no exception to this rule, and a simple rhetorical analysis provides some interesting results. 

The role of models in process development is discussed in the paper. Scientists are developing more and more impressive results in computer aided process engineering and that way generating new possibilities. In spite of that, there exist, at least in most areas of chemical and process industries, series difficulties when models area applied in practice. Such difficulties are described with two industrial examples of process development projects. Requirements for models and modelling are discussed from then viewpoint of practical process development. An attempt is made to suggest such further research areas in computer aided process engineering, which would reduce the gap between the theoretical developments and practical application in the field. 

In combination, these papers provide a comprehensive and detailed review of current knowledge and of the important issues for policy makers in the future. The volume will be of interest to a wide readership, including industrial and environmental scientists, managers and policymakers. We hope that our readers will find this as illuminating as we have during the editorial work. 

I came back in 1959 to deliver a course of crystallography lectures at the CAB, and by that time the metal physics was well established. It has continued to flourish, and broaden many papers of note were published, and a succession of international materials symposia have been held there. The CAB director, Balseiro, died young, of cancer, and the latest of a succession of directors is Jose Abriata, an Argentinian materials scientist. Most observers, I believe, both in South America and beyond, would concur that the Bariloche centre is the most distinguished physics laboratory in South America. Materials science plays an important part there, and credit for that belongs to Jorge Sabato. 

To date, there have been more than 1500 attendees and more than 500 technical papers or presentations delivered at these conferences. A critical mass of researchers, engineers, and scientists developed through the INVEN1 program in Finland, which started in 1991. These activities have expanded to include scientists, engineers, and practitioners from some 18 countries as part of the COST Action Program. 

Undiscouraged, Arrhenius sent copies of his thesis to other scientists. Although few took his radical idea seriously, the great German scientist, Ostwald, became so excited that he traveled to Sweden to meet Arrhenius. Encouraged by this support, Arrhenius traveled and studied in Germany and Holland. Finally, in 1889, his paper On the Dissociation of Substances in Aqueous Solutions was published. 

Paper nine is another one that appeared in American Scientist. In it I took a philosophical look at two important ideas that contributed to the evolution of the periodic system. These two ideas are Prout s hypothesis and the notion of triads, which was the subject of paper eight. Both hypotheses are interesting because they were extremely productive even though they both turned out to be refuted some time later. The fact that this should happen lends some support to the views of Karl Popper who always claimed that refutability was the all important aspect of good hypotheses and theories and not whether they turn out to be correct or not.23 For Popper, all that we really have is tentative theories and not theories that last forever. 

The direct focus of the present paper, however, is not this general issue, but rather a famous particular case from the history of science that has become embroiled in it. The episode involves Mendeleev and the prediction of the existence of hitherto unknown elements on the basis of his celebrated periodic table. According to an account that has widespread currency, Mendeleev s table was given little or no general credit by his contemporary scientists in virtue of its accommodation of the already known elements. What really told with Mendeleev s peers, according to this account, was the fact that gaps in the table were used as the basis of predictions of the existence of hitherto unrecognised elements, that turned out really to exist. So, for example, Isaac Asimov writes ... 

Stephen Brush has, in several papers (for example Brush, 1989), examined different episodes from the history of science and argued that the scientists involved in them did not in fact regard (temporal) predictive success as carrying an epistemic premium. However, in a recent paper (Brush, 1996) on the reception of Mendeleev s ideas, he claims that this case is exceptional—here temporal novelty of predictions really did count. 

This book contains key articles by Eric Sc erri, the leading authority on the history and philosophy of the periodic table of the elements and the author of a best-selling book on the subject. The articles explore a range of topics such as the historical evolution of the periodic system as well as its philosophical status and its relationship to modern quan um physics. This volume contains some in-depth research papers from journals in history and philosophy of science, as well as quantum chemistry. Other articles are from more accessible magazines like American Scientist. The author has also provided an extensive new introduction in orck rto integrate this work covering a pc riocl of two decades.This must-have publication is completely unique as there is nothing of this form currently available on the market. 

Muraour, Henri (1881—1954). Fr scientist, a specialist in expls (Ingenieur general des poudres) and ballistics. Published more than 200 papers from WW1 thru 1952 (Ref 2) on expls, proplnts, combstn of proplnts, expl phenomena, antiflash agents, purification of TNT, theory of expl reactions, etc, as well as a widely read book (Ref 1)... 

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