Scientists, philosophers and

W. H. Brock, Joseph Priestley, Enlightened Experimentalist) in I. Rivers andD. L. Wykes (eds), Joseph Priestley, Scientist, Philosopher, and Theologian (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 49-79. 

While seeming a straightforward question, it is one that has perplexed scientists, philosophers, and poets for centuries. Answers have been formulated, for example, by homology—... 

Undertakes preparation of indexes and directories of writers, scientists, philosophers, and... 

G. W. In hindsight, he might have had good reason, for the University of Freiburg had a history rich in outstanding scientists, philosophers, and historians, as well as professors in medicine who - besides their role in academia - had a life beyond the walls of academia. The latter gave reason to heated debates in the public and the press. The chancellor probably hked to protect his university from such ugly debates. However, in the case of H.S. there was evidence beyond any doubt that... 

Prior to detailed information about the importance of the science philosophy, engineering reflections on the sayings of several scientists, philosophers and engineers should be taken into consideration. 

During the Golden Age of Islam (7th through the 17th century) Muslim philosophers and poets, artists and scientists, princes and laborers created a unique culture that has influenced societies on every continent. Here documentary writer Howard Turner offers a fully illustrated, highly accessible introduction to the scientific achievements of medieval Islam. Howard Turner opens with a historical overview of the spread of Islamic civilization from the Arabian peninsula eastward to India and westward across northern... 

Borrowing from Eric Hobsbawm, we may say that scientists, like others, have "invented traditions, legitimating and promoting their new scientific field."36 But chemists, more than natural philosophers and physicists, inte-... 

The operational approach to the definition of fundamental concepts in science has been emphasized by Mach, Poincare, and Einstein and has been expressed in a very clear form by Bridgman [2]. (Operational definitions had been used implicitly much earlier than the twentieth century. Boyle, for example, defined a chemical element in terms of the experiments by which it might be recognized, in order to avoid the futile discussions of his predecessors, who identified elements with qualities or properties.) In this approach, a concept is defined in terms of a set of experimental or mental operations used to measure or to recognize the quantity The concept is synonymous with the corresponding set of operations (Bridgman). An operational definition frequently may fail to satisfy us that we know what the concept really is. The question of scientific reality has been explored by many scientists and philosophers and is one that every student should examine. However, in the operational approach, we are not concerned with whether our definition has told us what the concept really is what we need to know is how to measure it. The operational approach has been stated succinctly by Poincare in the course of a discussion of the concept of force ... 

As science developed, our accumulation of knowledge about the structure of atoms and molecules was an achievement of early philosophers and scientists. These men and women did not use scientific procedures, but they did build the foundation of our current understanding of the structure of matter and how different species of matter interact. This history has led to our current understanding of the theoretical and practical nature of the chemical elements. 

For more than two and a half millennia, philosophers and scientists have tried to understand what the universe is made of and the principles on which it operates. Philosophers engaged in this kind of speculation in classical times, and physicists and cosmologists engage in it today. Although their methods are very different, modern scientists share the goal of the ancient philosophers to find the key to understanding the universe. 

What is time Is time travel possible For centuries, these questions have intrigued mystics, philosophers, and scientists such as Albert Einstein and Stephen Hawking. Much of ancient Greek philosophy was concerned... 

Is there really a fourth dimension we can explore and understand This question is an old one posed by philosophers and scientists and has profound implications for our worldview. There seems to be no reason why a four-dimensional world of material four-dimensional objects could not exist. The simple mathematical methods in this book reveal properties of shapes in these higher spaces, and, with special training, our dimensionally impoverished minds may be able to grasp the look and feel of these shapes. As we speculate, we touch on the realm of mysticism and religion—because in the fourth dimension the line between science and mysticism grows thin. 

Another study was carried out in an entirely different setting, with professional colleagues, with other professionals and with artists. These were with personal friends of the research scientists, rather than strangers to them. The observed mood changes (produced, in this study, by the i.m. administration of 0.70 to 0.80 mg/Kg of DET) were described as being in the direction of euphoria the subjects generally enjoyed the experience and wished to repeat it. The volunteered comments under the drug tended towards the mystical and philosophical, and several of these experimental subjects responded to music and art in ways that were new to them. 

Albert Einstein Philosopher and Scientist, The Library of Living Philosopher, Inc. Tudor Publishing Company, 1949, 1951, Harper Row, New York, 1959. See also Ref. 4. 

To carry out a successful transition, you need to understand the importance of work in your life and consider alternative sources for replacing those contributions. Philosophers and behavioral scientists have identified five major contributions. Consider each of these and their importance to you personally. Then look for ways to build a retirement so that you can continue to receive these benefits in your daily living. 

Nitrous oxide is discovered by English scientist, theologian, and philosopher Joseph Priestly (1733— 1804). 

Nitrous oxide is a gas with anesthetic (numbness-causing) and (painkilling) analgesic properties. It was first discovered in 1772 by English scientist, theologian, and philosopher Joseph Priestly. Priestly was also the man who co-discovered oxygen (which he termed phlo-gisticated air ). In 1776, he wrote about the discovery of N20, which he called nitrous air. ... 

Democritus view was victorious, that all substances are composed of tiny particles. These particles have all the characteristic properties of their substances. Many philosophers and scientists have worked since the beginning of the fifth century B.C. in order to define these particles. Until the twentieth century, the work of scientists such as Rutherford, Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Shrodinger, the atom was a secret box. 

Pennock s book has been warmly endorsed by prominent Darwinian philosophers and scientists, and is officially recommended by no less than the National Academy of Sciences. Apparently, if it serves the cause, there is no argument too zany for some Darwinian acolytes to certify. 

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