German Natural Scientists and Physicians

Few papers in these journals addressed chemical problems. A small number were devoted to the history of the periodic system, the discovery of new elements, and the connections between the elements. Most journals reported on the sessions of the German Natural Scientists and Physicians. Victor Meyer s previously mentioned Chemische Prohleme der Gegenwart [The Chemical Problems of Today] or Clemens Winkler s Die Frage nach dem Wesen der chemischen Elemente [The Question of the Nature of Elements] were reviewed. The unidentified reviewer calls attention to Winkler s assumption that those chemical substances, which are regarded as substantial indivisible, stem from more simple substances, and that the new formation of elements continues with the gradual cooling-down of the earth. He also wrote that the chemical elements did not exist from the beginning, that they are products of the transmutation of a primary substance. "... 

Member of the German Chemical Society (GDGh), American Chemical Society (ACS), Bunsen Society, Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians (GDNA), Society of Plastic Engineers (SPE), and Liebig-Society. 

Member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Britain (1995-present) Member, Executive Board of Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte (GDNA, German Society of Natural Scientists and Physicians) (1995-2000). 

The three men whose work later in the nineteenth century was crucial in bringing clarity to this principle were two Germans, the physician Julius Robert Mayer and the great polymath Hermann von Helmholtz, and the British amateur scientist James Joule. In a lecture delivered by Helmholtz on February 7, 1854, in Konigsberg on The Interaction of Natural Forces, ... 

---