Cost/performance ratio

The mathematical form of the PEF is in almost every case a compromise between speed and accuracy. As computer power continually increases, ideally following Moore s Law, and the cost/performance ratio is getting better, one might think that there is no longer a need to sacrifice accuracy to save computational time. This is not really true, because in direct proportion to the CPU speed is the rise in the scientists interest in calculating larger and larger molecules (in fact, their interest always rises faster than the CPU speed). 

Polyester polyols are based on saturated aHphatic or aromatic carboxyHc acids and diols or mixtures of diols. The carboxyHc acid of choice is adipic acid (qv) because of its favorable cost/performance ratio. For elastomers, linear polyester polyols of ca 2000 mol wt are preferred. Branched polyester polyols, formulated from higher functional glycols, are used for foam and coatings appHcations. Phthalates and terephthalates are also used. 

The search for asbestos replacement materials is obviously an ongoing process and further developments in this area are to be expected. The extent of substitution of asbestos fibers by other fibers or other materials has been limited by several factors, typically the availabiHty of adequate replacement materials, the cost performance ratio of such materials, and the uncertainty of long-term health risks of these replacement materials. From the data currendy available, it may be estimated that between 10—20% of the industrial consumption of asbestos fibers was diverted to other materials during the 1980s. 

The anion used to prepare the metal soap determines to a large extent whether it will meet fundamental requirements, which can be summed up as follows solubihty and stabiUty ia various kiads of vehicles (this excludes the use of short-chain acids) good storage stabiUty low viscosity, making handling the material easier optimal catalytic effect and best cost/performance ratio. 

From the anionic surfactants (Table 1.1) the most relevant is LAS with an annual global production volume of more than 3 X 1061 in 2001. LAS has a wide application because of its excellent detersive properties and cost-performance ratio. Commercial LAS is applied mainly in the formulation of powder and liquid laundry detergents. The calcium salts are used as an emulsifier in pesticide formulations their amine salts are used in dry cleaning and as degreasing agents in the metal industry [14]. 

Anisotropic powders of ferrites have excellent cost/performance ratio, limited service temperatures, and low electrical resistance. 

Good mechanical properties at ambient temperature price cost/performance ratios chemically inert low absorption of water low density good electrical insulating properties even... 

The ability to modify their structure and the good cost/ performance ratio makes polyolefins technically and commercially attractive for mechanical energy absorption. This is especially true for High Melt Strength (HMS) PP which allows continuous extrusion foaming. Physical expansion of PP, properties of foamed PP, and application examples are considered in detail, mechanical properties in particular being compared with other polymer foams. 

By definition these are the materials whose physical properties and cost performance ratios allow them to compete with and replace traditionally accepted ferrous and non-ferrous metals as well as other mechanically functionable design materials. 

Catalytic processes are an essential operation of large-scale processes in the chemical industry. Appropriate micro structured reactors offer an increase in efficiency compared with conventional reactors if a method can be found to integrate low-cost devices in industrial practise. Automated procedures will enable professional manufacturing of reactors with an acceptable cost/performance ratio. 

These three optical methods have different requirements to the sensitive layer (optical transparency, homogeneity, interference pattern for reflectometry, resonance conditions for SPR etc.). Thus, the interaction behaviour of sensitive layers of different thicknesses and its effects on refractive index as well as on layer thickness under the influence of analytes must be known in order to build the most effective sensor device in respect to sensitivity, long term stability, speed, cost-performance ratio etc. 

Selecting a flame retardant for an adhesive system has many ramifications, depending on the formulation being modified, the end use, how it will be processed, and the cost/performance ratio. When one is choosing a flame retardant, characteristics such as water extraction, particle size, viscosity, toxicity, dusting, uniformity, as well as economics must be considered. The materials chosen to perform the function of flame retardation must not interfere with the final product s performance. The major problem with incorporating flame retardants in adhesives is that very often a significant amount is required, and they interfere with the other properties of the adhesive and contribute to the cost. This is why bromo bisphenol epoxy resins are often employed in flame-retardant epoxy adhesives. 

This poor cost performance ratio is one reason for the relatively small market penetration by this formaldehyde-free finish. Another reason is that a completely formaldehyde-free finish is not as commercially important since the advent of the ultra low formaldehyde products. However, a 1 1 mixture of DMDHEU and DMeDHEU is popular because of its reduced formaldehyde levels with only slightly inferior physical properties at an acceptable cost. 

Aciylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) copolymer, an important rubber-toughened thermoplastic, is widely used owing to its favorable cost/performance ratio. The advantages of ABS include its luster and resistance to impact [1-2]. ABS is therefore used in various instruments and structures for small elemental parts as well as large structural ones. In spite of... 

A HE FABRICATION OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS involves a series of steps that defines insulator, conductor, and semiconductor structures in and on single crystals of silicon or gallium arsenide (I). As practiced today, the circuit elements are as small as 1 micrometer (1 xm) in dimension. Reproducible device performance and yield issues require control of both the dimension and placement of these 1-pm structures to tolerances of fractions of 1 xm. The number of such circuit elements per chip has steadily increased during the past three decades, mainly through a decrease in the size of the elements. This reduction in the feature size and the increase in circuit complexity and integration that it allows is largely responsible for the dramatic improvement in the performance and cost-performance ratio that has occurred and is expected to continue to occur. 

A cost/performance ratio acceptable in the market place... 

Fillers have not played major role in the design of coated fabrics. They have been used to regulate rheology and improve the cost/performance ratio. This is no longer a growth area, so it is unlikely that new developments in high performance fillers will be applied to coated fabrics. 

Quantum mechanical data can be very efficiently included in parameterizations, because no data conversion is necessary, and properties can be calculated for any point on the PES. However, it is important to realize that the goal of most force fields is to reproduce experiments, not QM results. The chosen QM level puts a limit on the attainable accuracy of the force field. Most systematic errors in the QM method will be reproduced by the force field. In particular for metal systems, it is necessary to use correlated levels, with reasonably flexible basis sets. Some DFT-based methods have proven to give excellent cost/performance ratios. Suitable theoretical levels are discussed more thoroughly by Diedenhofen et al. in Chapter 4. In all the examples given in later sections, the QM data have been obtained at the B3LYP (40) level, using an ECP (41) for the metal and at least valence double- quality basis sets for all atoms. 

Reducing a device s linear dimensions by a factor of 2 reduces chip area by a factor of 4, doubles operating speed, reduces power consumption by a quarter, and the cost/performance ratio improves by a factor of approximately 8 times. Currently the achievable number of functions in an IC doubles every one to two years. This is having a major effect on the pin counts of IC packages, and already we are seeing a number of packages with more than 100 pins. 

It must exhibit a better cost/performance ratio than existing actives manufacturers are indeed facing severe cost constraints. 

---