American Scientist

The Atomic Energy Act of 1946 represented the interests of American scientists who wished to see nuclear energy developed for nonniilitai y purposes. It called for the establishment of a five-member civilian Atomic Energy Commission (AEC), which could deliver weapons to the military only on presidential order. But the militaiy tensions ot the early Cold War delayed civilian nuclear power development until 1948, at which time 80 percent of the AEC s budget went to militaiy ends. In 1951, U.S. civilian nuclear power development consisted of only a small experimental government (liquid metal) reactor in Idaho. 

Paper nine is another one that appeared in American Scientist. In it I took a philosophical look at two important ideas that contributed to the evolution of the periodic system. These two ideas are Prout s hypothesis and the notion of triads, which was the subject of paper eight. Both hypotheses are interesting because they were extremely productive even though they both turned out to be refuted some time later. The fact that this should happen lends some support to the views of Karl Popper who always claimed that refutability was the all important aspect of good hypotheses and theories and not whether they turn out to be correct or not.23 For Popper, all that we really have is tentative theories and not theories that last forever. 

Copyright 1997 American Scientist. Reprinted with permission,... 

This book contains key articles by Eric Sc erri, the leading authority on the history and philosophy of the periodic table of the elements and the author of a best-selling book on the subject. The articles explore a range of topics such as the historical evolution of the periodic system as well as its philosophical status and its relationship to modern quan um physics. This volume contains some in-depth research papers from journals in history and philosophy of science, as well as quantum chemistry. Other articles are from more accessible magazines like American Scientist. The author has also provided an extensive new introduction in orck rto integrate this work covering a pc riocl of two decades.This must-have publication is completely unique as there is nothing of this form currently available on the market. 

Fridovich, I. (1975). Oxygen boon and bane. American Scientist 63 54-59. 

The wavelike character of electrons was confirmed by showing that they could be diffracted. The experiment was first performed in 1925 by two American scientists, Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer, who directed a beam of fast electrons at a single crystal of nickel. The regular array of atoms in the crystal, with centers separated by 250 pm, acts as a grid that diffracts waves and a diffraction pattern was observed (Lig. 1.21). Since then, some molecules have been shown to undergo... 

For Further Reading S. Borman, Nanotubes. Chemical and Engineering News, December 16, 2002, pp. 45-46. S. Fritz, ed.. Understanding nanotechnology, New York Scientific American, 2002. M. Ratner and D. Ratner, Nanotechnology The next big idea, Upper Saddle River Prentice Hall, 2003. B. I. Yakobson and R. F. Smalley, Fullerene nanotubes Q 000,000 ar d beyond. American Scientist, July-August, 1997, pp. 324—337. 

Written in his clear and supple prose, his report and the series that followed it inspired a generation of American scientists to study macromolecules. While many European chemists still doubted that polymers could be true molecules, Carl Marvel believed that in the United States, After that article, the mystery of polymer chemistry was pretty well cleared up and it was possible for less talented people to make good contributions in the field. ... 

With peace and prosperity, American scientists began questioning the effects of their products on the public welfare. Nylon s manufacture produced less pollution than rayon but, during the 1960s, Carothers two closest associates at Du Pont, Flory and Hill, protested publicly about the production of disposable plastic items. At the time, there were no systems for collecting or recycling them. Flory said, The development of an abun-... 

Roald Hoffmann. A Natural-Born Fiber. American Scientist. 85 (Jan.-Feb., 1997) 21. Source for rayon. 

John A. McLachlan and Steven F. Arnold. Environmental Estrogens. American Scientist. 84 (Sept.-Oct. 1996) 452-461. 

Popa R (2004) Between Necessity and Probability Searching for the Definition of Life, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, p. 184 Shimizu M (1982) J Mol Evol 18 297 Spiegelman S (1967) American Scientist 55 221... 

A 13C/12C ratio about 3% above that of a standard value (the so-called VPDB standard) had been found in western Australian rock samples from the Pilbara Formation similar values were found for the Isua rock. However, since this no longer had its original morphology, the yeast-like relicts found by Pflug (1978) may not be real, and doubts have been cast, in particular by the American scientists J. W. Schopf andE. Roedder (Breuer, 1981,1982). Neither the Isua microfossils nor their 13C/12C isotope ratio could convince Bill Schopf that 3.8-billion-year-old samples were really involved. The Isua graphite flakes could also be a charred residuum from the... 

Benjamin Franklin, American scientist, publisher, and diplomat... 

American scientists prepared the organo-silica sol-gel membranes60 and demonstrated in a single layer format for pH measurement and multiple-layer format for both C02 and NH3. The sensors used a hydroxypyrenetrisulfonic acid (HPTS) as the indicator immobilizes in a base-catalyzed sol-gel containing poly(dimethyl)siloxane, aminopropyl-triethoxysilane (APTES) and tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS). This indicator gel was over coated with a hydrophobic sol-gel to reduce cross reactivity to pH when either carbon dioxide or ammonia were examined. 

Ellison earned a master of science in chemistry from the University of California, Irvine. His graduate research involved methods to synthesize poisons extracted from Colombian poison dart frogs. He has a bachelor of science in chemistry from the Georgia Institute of Technology. He is a member of the American Chemical Society and Federation of American Scientists. In addition to his works on weapons of mass destruction, he is the author of a chapter on the hazardous properties of materials in the sixth edition of the Handbook on Hazardous Materials Management, a textbook published in 2002 by the Institute of Hazardous Materials Management. 

The great American scientist G. N. Lewis coined the word covalent, early in the 20th century. He wanted to express the way that a bond formed by means of electron sharing. Each covalent bond comprises a pair of electrons. This pairing is permanent, so we sometimes say a covalent bond is a formal bond, to distinguish it from weak and temporary interactions such as induced dipoles. 

---