German Natural Scientists and

Versammlung (later, Gesellschaft) deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte Assembly (later Society) of German Natural Scientists and Doctors 1822 ... 

Society of Chemical industry, 140-157,186, 330, 332, 335, 336, 342, 346 Society of Chemical Physics of Paris, see Societe de Chimie Physique de Paris Society of Czech Chemists, see Spolek chemiku ceskych Society of Dutch Chemists, see Scheikundig Gezelschap Society of German Chemists, see Gesellschait Deutscher Chemiker Society of German Natural Scientists and Doctors, see Gesellschaft deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte... 

Few papers in these journals addressed chemical problems. A small number were devoted to the history of the periodic system, the discovery of new elements, and the connections between the elements. Most journals reported on the sessions of the German Natural Scientists and Physicians. Victor Meyer s previously mentioned Chemische Prohleme der Gegenwart [The Chemical Problems of Today] or Clemens Winkler s Die Frage nach dem Wesen der chemischen Elemente [The Question of the Nature of Elements] were reviewed. The unidentified reviewer calls attention to Winkler s assumption that those chemical substances, which are regarded as substantial indivisible, stem from more simple substances, and that the new formation of elements continues with the gradual cooling-down of the earth. He also wrote that the chemical elements did not exist from the beginning, that they are products of the transmutation of a primary substance. "... 

Member of the German Chemical Society (GDGh), American Chemical Society (ACS), Bunsen Society, Society of German Natural Scientists and Physicians (GDNA), Society of Plastic Engineers (SPE), and Liebig-Society. 

Member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, Britain (1995-present) Member, Executive Board of Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Arzte (GDNA, German Society of Natural Scientists and Physicians) (1995-2000). 

Some attempts to build a nuclear reactor were also made in Germany during World War II in the city of Haigerloch near Tubingen. The concept was based on a combination of heavy water (D2O) and natural uranium. The location was later transformed into the museum Atom Museum, Haigerloch with a display of the initial setup. It also commemorates the Alsos project in which US troops in a holdup action had collected scientists and material circumventing the German-French front line. 

Under these circumstances the hopes of an expansion of German natural science quickly vanished. Economic problems only aggravated the situation. The inflation-corrected salaries paid out to engineers and scientists dropped rapidly by about two thirds during the inflationary crisis of 1922/23, and in fact dropped in a larger proportion than the salaries of lower-educated workers, who lost about half during the same period. On top of this, most educated circles lost all their accumulated property in the same period. Money deposited in banks, shares or trusts was virtually worthless in the course of a year, overseas travel impossible and books almost impossible to get. 

The close relationship between academic scientists and the German dyes industry is evident in the synthesis of indigo, the single most popular natural dye. Working at the Gewerbe Institute of Berlin and funded in part by BASF, Adolf Baeyer,... 

Ammonium nitrate [6484-S2-2J, NH NO, formula wt 80.04, is the most commercially important ammonium compound both Hi terms of production volume and usage. It is the principal component of most iadustrial explosives and nonmilitary blasting compositions however, it is used primarily as a nitrogen fertilizer. Ammonium nitrate does not occur Hi nature because it is very soluble. It was first described Hi 1659 by the German scientist Glauber, who prepared it by reaction of ammonium carbonate and nitric acid. He called it nitrium flammans because its yeUow flame (from traces of sodium) was... 

Several electrical scientists in the early part of the nineteenth century, influenced at least in part by their understanding of German natiirplnlosophie, expected forces of nature to be intimately connected to each other, and some of them spent extraordinary amounts of time looking for the relationship. One of these was a Dane, Hans Christian Oersted, who, after an exhaustive series of experiments, in 1820 found that electricity could indeed produce a magnetic effect. Further experiments by Michael Faraday demonstrated, in 1821, that by proper orientation of an electric current and a magnetic field it was possible to produce continuous motion in what soon would be called a motor. It took an additional ten frustrating years for him to prove what he instinctively felt to be true, that, in a fashion inverse to what... 

The three men whose work later in the nineteenth century was crucial in bringing clarity to this principle were two Germans, the physician Julius Robert Mayer and the great polymath Hermann von Helmholtz, and the British amateur scientist James Joule. In a lecture delivered by Helmholtz on February 7, 1854, in Konigsberg on The Interaction of Natural Forces, ... 

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