Chemical stimulation

It is important to note that diet is a complex mixture that contain compounds with varying activity. Chemical stimulators of colon cancer growth include bile acids, 1,2-diglycerides and prostaglandins which stem from consumption of fat. In contrast, fruits and vegetables contain substances such as carotenoids, flavonoids and fibre, which may inhibit cancer cell growth, and the risk of colon cancer appears to be mirrored by the ratio of plant sterols to cholesterol in the... 

FIGURE 4-23 Experimental setup for monitoring dopamine release by exocytosis, from a cell body. The microelectrode and glass capillary (containing the chemical stimulant) are micromanipulated up to the cell body. (Reproduced with permission from reference 82.)... 

Theoretical models available in the literature consider the electron loss, the counter-ion diffusion, or the nucleation process as the rate-limiting steps they follow traditional electrochemical models and avoid any structural treatment of the electrode. Our approach relies on the electro-chemically stimulated conformational relaxation control of the process. Although these conformational movements179 are present at any moment of the oxidation process (as proved by the experimental determination of the volume change or the continuous movements of artificial muscles), in order to be able to quantify them, we need to isolate them from either the electrons transfers, the counter-ion diffusion, or the solvent interchange we need electrochemical experiments in which the kinetics are under conformational relaxation control. Once the electrochemistry of these structural effects is quantified, we can again include the other components of the electrochemical reaction to obtain a complete description of electrochemical oxidation. 

This is the relaxation time of the polymer oxidation under electro-chemically stimulated conformational relaxation control. So features concerning both electrochemistry and polymer science are integrated in a single equation defining a temporal magnitude for electrochemical oxidation as a function of the energetic terms acting on this oxidation. A theoretical development similar to the one performed for the Butler-Volmer equation yields... 

B. W. Davis. In situ chemical stimulation of diatomite formations. Patent CA 1308550, 1992. 

Kruzhalov N.B. (1980). Neuronal reactions of the accessory olfactory bulb in the frog, Rana temporaria, to chemical stimulation of the vomeronasal organ. Zh Evol Biokhim Fizio 16, 587-592. 

Plant T.M., Gay V.L., Marshall G.R. and Arslan M. (1989). Puberty in monkeys is triggered by chemical stimulation of hypothalamus. Proc Natl Acad Sci 86, 2506-2510. 

The lactic acid and other noxious chemicals stimulate polymodal nociceptors. 

Baxter, B. L. (1969). Induction of both emotional behavior and a novel form of REM sleep by chemical stimulation applied to cat mesencephalon. Exp. Neurol. 23, 220-9. 

Bagni, C., Mannucci, L., Dotti, C. G., and Amaldi, F. (2000). Chemical stimulation of synaptosomes modulates alpha —Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II mRNA association to polysomes. J. Neurosci. 20, RC76. 

Boronate/diol reaction Chemical stimulation (e.g., sugar) [32]... 

Burleson, F. G. et al., Dermatotoxic chemical stimulate of c-jun and c-fos transcription and AP-1 DNA binding in human keratinocytes, Res. Commun. Mol. Pathol. Pharmacol.,... 

A chemical stimulant, a root exudate, is required to break seed dormancy of a parasitic weed and initiate seed germination. Upon receiving a signal for germination, a radicle emerges from the seed coat. However, an additional chemical signal is needed for the radicle to penetrate host roots and form a haustorium. Therefore several plants can serve as catch crops or trap crops for the reduction of the parasitic weed seed bank in infested soil. 

Camacho FA, Thacker RW (2006) Aniphipod herbivory on the freshwater cyanobacterium Lyngbya wollei. chemical stimulants and morphological defenses. Limnol Oceanogr 51 1870-1875 Carmichael WW (1994) The toxins of cyanobacteria. Sci Am 2780 78-86 Carmichael WW (2001) Health effects of toxin-producing cyanobacteria the cyanoHABs . Hum Ecol Risk Assess 7 1393-1407... 

Substrate Spectra. Photodecomposition of five insecticidal chemicals stimulated by protease-liberated flavoprotein was studied and results are shown in Tables II and III and Figures 3, 4 and 5. Generally the flavoprotein(s) was significantly more active in stimulating the photodegradation process in the absence than in the presence the flavin cofaggor (FMN). 

Chemical stimulation of a young mammal starts already in utero. Amni-otic fluid is highly attractive for rat pups. This response is not necessarily... 

Carr, W. and Chaney, T. B. (1976). Chemical stimulation of feeding behavior in the pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides characterization and identification of stimulatory substances extracted from shrimp. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology 54A, 437-441. 

Gel that responds to external electrical, mechanical, thermal, light-induced or chemical stimulation... 

The selection or avoidance of potential host plants by phytophagous Insects Is guided by a complex combination of physical and chemical stimuli. Color, shape and olfactory cues may play a role In the Initial orientation, whereas acceptance or rejection of a plant depends on texture as well as chemical stimulants or deterrents. Initiation of feeding Is stimulated or deterred by the presence or absence of specific chemicals or groups of chemicals, many of which have been Identified. The selection of a suitable plant for ovlposltlon Is also crucial for survival of the progeny of most herbivorous Insects, but the chemical factors Involved are known In relatively few cases. Ovlposltlon stimulants and deterrents often appear to be quite different from the chemicals that elicit or Inhibit feeding responses of larvae. 

Release of stored catecholamines from pheochromocytomas may occur in response to physical pressure, chemical stimulation, or spontaneously. When it occurs during operative manipulation of pheochromocytoma, the resulting hypertension may be controlled with cx-receptor blockade or nitroprusside. Nitroprusside is preferred because its effects can be more readily titrated... 

To determine whether the substance is released from a particular region, local collection (in vivo) of the extracellular fluid can sometimes be accomplished. In addition, slices of brain tissue can be electrically or chemically stimulated in vitro and the released substances measured. To determine whether the release is relevant to synaptic transmission, it is important to establish that the release is calcium-dependent. 

And, although more high-level policy attention is usually given to the problem and performance of such industries as steel, chemicals long ago surpassed most of these sectors in contributions to the gross national product. Furthermore, chemicals, stimulated no doubt by its enviable performance in developing new products, has continued to make a strong positive contribution to our balance of payments. 

The contention that consciousness actually arises in the forebrain is confirmed by its absence in anencephalic children and by the possibility of restoring consciousness by chemical stimulation of the modulatory systems when the brain stem is intact in some cases of coma or unresponsiveness. 

The three kinds of disease process we have surveyed in this chapter are the natural analogues of experimental probes of the brain systems that normally alter brain states in animals. Not surprisingly, they alter consciousness in informative ways in humans. Strokes are the equivalent of electrolytic and excitatory neurotoxic lesions seizures are the equivalent of direct electrical and chemical stimulation alcohol is the equivalent of parenteral drug administration. In reading across the three disease classes in search of unifying concepts, I hope to stimulate a new era of experimental work in animals, as well as to celebrate what we have accomplished in the arena of human neuropsychology. 

Yashpal, K., Pitcher, G. M., Parent, A., Quirion, R., Coderre, T. J. Noxious thermal and chemical stimulation induce increases in 3H-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate binding in spinal cord dorsal horn as well as persistant pain and hyperalgesia, which is reduced by inhibition of protein kinase C, J. Neurosci. 1995, 15, 3263-3272. 

Sato and Seo [277] demonstrated that a silver catalyst continuously emits low-energy electrons. This emission is chemically stimulated when the catalyst produces ethylene oxide. There is a strong correlation between the production rate and the emission rate. The emitting layer is continuously renewed and is apparently silver oxide. 

The mechanisms underlying (he development of tolerance are not fully understood. Biochemically, it may he attractive to explain tolerance by decreased absorption, altered distribution, increased biotransfomiatiun, and/or increased excretion of the drug However, these processes have been shown to he unrelated to (he development of tolerance. Thus, cellular adaptation offers the greatest likelihood for clarifying the phenomenon. Evidence for cellular adaptation is the finding that (he respiration of chemically stimulated cortical slices of brain front normal rats is markedly deptessed by morphine, whereas the respiration of those from rats chronically dosed with morphine is unaffected... 

The measurement or reading of a sensor is generated by the change in some physical parameter, as a result of some chemical stimulation. This is called the sensor s response. Of course, the exact type of physical change depends on both the sensor and the sensing environment. For the purposes of the following discussion, we describe response as a general phenomenon. 

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