Biomedical scientists

Although manual extraction of information from herbal texts is straightforward (Fig. 4.3A), the work is labor intense and requires many areas of expertise (Fig. 4.3B). Historians must provide context for the language. Botanists are necessary to update the names and correctly identify the plants discussed. Physicians and biomedical scientists are required to extrapolate the potential pharmacological function of the plant compounds used to treat a certain disorder in the text. Luckily, the use of bioinformatics to extract this information can be more efficient than manual extraction [7]. 

Profiles in Science Offering the archival collections of prominent twentieth-century biomedical scientists to the pubhc through modern digital technology http yywww.profiles.nlm.nih.gov/... 

Coincidental with the above developments, biomedical scientists in pharmaceutical companies were actively pursuing purified extracts and pure compounds derived from plants and animal sources (e.g., digitalis, rauwolfia alkaloids, and animal hormones) as human medicaments. Analogs and derivatives of these purified substances were also investigated... 

The duties of ECVAM are to coordinate the validation of alternative test methods at the EU level, to act as a focal point for the exchange of information on the development of alternative test methods, to set up, maintain, and manage a database on alternative procedures, and to promote dialogue between legislators, industries, biomedical scientists, consumer organizations, and animal welfare groups, with a view to the development, validation, and international recognition of alternative test methods. 

C. Pidgeon, Advanced Tutorials for Biomedical Scientists Animations, Simulations, and Applications Using Mathematica, VCH, Weinheim, 1996. 

Among the properties of amino adds that are most pertinent to the biomedical scientist are their optical rotations, already discussed, which are listed for each amino acid in Table 4.1. Note the dramatic differences between optical rotations in the zwitterionic (water) and fully protonated (HC1) forms. Further, all amino acids absorb ultraviolet light in the range 190-220 nm. The C=0 bond in carboxyl residues is largely responsible. Moreover, aromatic amino acids, especially tryptophan, absorb in the 260-285 nm range. Protein concentrations in solutions are often determined via absorption at 210 or 280 nm. 

I. Hargittai, Candid Science II Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists. Ed. M. Haigittai. Imperial College Press, London, 2002, Aaron Klug, pp. 306-329, p. 312. 

Candid Science II Conversations with Famous Biomedical Scientists, Imperial College Press, London, 2002. 

The field apoptosis has captured worldwide attention of biomedical scientists is attested by the fact... 

Endogenous peptides play a pivotal role in almost all regulatory processes of the body functions and act with high specificity and potency. Their vast therapeutic potential has prompted biomedical scientists to greatly expand research into the identities of biologically active polypeptides and proteins and their activities. 

Concise and eminently practical, Apoptosis Methods in Pharmacology and Toxicology Approaches to Measurement and Quantification offers pharmacologists, toxicologists, pathologists, and many other biomedical scientists today s gold standard reference source for methods that definitively identify and accurately quantify apoptosis. 

Part of the problem seems to be that Penrose picked on the microtubules of the neurons as a key player for physical reasons, whereas to biomedical scientists, these structural cytoskeletal components do not come foremost to mind as biological key players in the mysterious, which they would prefer to consider as emerging from the staggering complexity of interneuron connections (our some hundred billion neurons each have some 7,000 synaptic connections ). And where, if anywhere, hide telepathy, clairvoyance, ghosts, and the immortality of the human soul In some cases we simply have no way to judge right now whether innovative thinkers are wiser, or nuttier, than the rest of us. 

Basic biomedical scientists—chemists, biologists, biochemists, and many others—study health-related problems that may not, at the outset, have a clear connection to a specific disease. Drafting hypotheses and testing them, over and over again, is a lot of hard work. Many experiments fail in the sense that the scientist s hunch turns out to be wrong. 

The measurement of temperature is one of the most common physical measurements routinely made. It is so common that it is often overlooked as a variable when complex biochemical reactions are being studied. This is unfortunate, because an error in the temperature of a reaction may produce a large error in the results that becomes apparent when the results are compared with those of known standard reactions. For example, if the rate of reaction of an unknown enzyme is being studied at a temperature that is different by 0.1°C from the temperature at which the standard reaction was measured, an error as large as 2-5% in the observed rate of reaction can occur. The experimental data would not correlate then with the known enzyme reaction rates. Such errors lead to confusion in determining mechanisms and to the large variations that occur even in normal values from one clinical laboratory to another. This article seeks to bring the importance of accurate temperature measurements to the attention of biomedical scientists. We will identify the latest methods of temperature measurement and control as well as new temperature fixed-point standards that are or will shortly become available. 

Today, for research with animal tissue and cell cultures, the standard has become fixation in paraformaldehyde, with animal tissue sectioned in a cryostat, and then incubation of sections and cultures with antibodies. This book focuses on introducing the methods of immunocytochemistry for biomedical scientists. These chapters may be read in order for a complete understanding of immunocytochemistry, or the chapters may be read individually for information about specific topics. The book is designed to help the novice perform experiments, solve problems, get results, and understand more advanced texts when more advice is needed. 

Department of Biomedical Sciences, BK21 PLUS Center for Creative Biomedical Scientists at Chonnam National University, Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju, South Korea... 

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