Scientists Zuckerman

The relevance of Zuckerman s conclusions for African American chemists is questionable. Most studies of U.S.-born doctoral scientists do not include racially comparative samples (see Long, 2001 Sonnert Holton, 1995). One of the few exceptions is Pearson s (1985) study of the career patterns of a national sample of 722 white and 565 African American Ph.D. scientists. The results of the study call into question the extent to which the U.S. scientific community adheres to the norm of universalism. While some African American Ph.D. scientists were employed in other than historically black colleges and universities, most believed that their careers were restricted in some way because of their race. Manning s (1983) excellent biography of Ernest E. Just raises serious questions regarding the extent to which American science is guided by the norm of universalism. 

Zuckerman, H. (1977). Scientific elite Nobel laureates in the United States. New York Free Press. Zuckerman, H. (1987). Persistence and change in the careers of men and women scientists and engineers A review of current research. In L. Dix (Ed.), Women Their Underrepresentation and Career Differentials in Science and Engineering Proceedings of a Conference (pp. 127-156). Washington, DC National Academy Press. 

Zuckerman, S., Scientists and War. The Impact of Science on Military and Civil Affairs (London, Hamish Hamilton, 1966). 

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