A Scientist at War

Clara Haber reportedly pleaded with Haber to stop his poison gas work. She visited the training site for poison gas workers and was horrified by experiments conducted on animals. Early in the war, an experiment in the institute laboratory exploded moments after Haber left the room. One scientist lost his hand, and a young physicist, Otto Sackur, one of Clara s classmates at Breslau University, was killed. As Sackur lay dying, Haber stood speechless, unable to do anything but shake his head in shock. It was Clara who thought to try first aid and who ordered her friend s necktie cut away so he could breathe more easily. Haber later found a job at the institute for Sackur s daughter. 

Waldo Semon was responsible for bringing many of the PVC products to market. As a young scientist at BF Goodrich, he worked on ways to synthesize rubber and to bind the rubber to metal. In his spare time, he discovered that PVC, when mixed with certain liquids, gave an elastic-like, pliable material that was rainproof, fire resistant, and did not conduct electricity. Under the trade name Koroseal, the rubbery material came into the marketplace, beginning around 1926, as shower curtains, raincoats, and umbrellas. During World War II, PVC became the material of choice to protest electrical wires for the Air Force and Navy. Another of his inventions was the SR patented under the name Ameripol that was dubbed liberty rubber since it replaced NR in the production of tires, gas masks, and other military equipment. Ameripol was a butadiene-type material. 

Hugh Huffman left Cal Tech during the Second World War and was an important scientist at a national laboratory set up to provide technical information to support the war effort. He left a legacy of high precision experimental techniques that yielded high-quality thermodynamic data on a wide variety of substances, including simple biological molecules. 

It was intended from the beginning that the expert report arising lfom this request of Remer s attorney would be published. It is unusual to publish expert reports from judicial proceedings, but it does happen when the subject is of public interest. Expert reports drawn up for several trials against supposed National Socialist war criminals, for example, were later made available to a wide public for educational purposes. The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial is a prime example of this. The expert reports produced during this trial by scientists at the Institut fur Zeitgeschichte were later published as a collection.545... 

Daryl R. Myers is a Senior Scientist at NREl. In 1970 He received a Bachelor of Science in Applied Mathematics from the University of Colorado, Boulder, School of Engineering. Prior to joining NREL in 1978, he worked for four years at the Smithsonian Institution Radiation Biology Laboratory in Rockville Maryland, and is a Cold War veteran, serving as a Russian linguist in the United States Army from 1970 to 1974. He has over 32 years of experience in terrestrial broadband and spectral solar radiation physics, measurement instrumentation, metrology... 

In 1902, Whiteley was awarded a D.Sc. from the University of London and the following year, she was invited to join the staff at Imperial College as an Assistant under William Tilden. Her appointment was reported in The Phoenix At the Prize Distribution, we had the very great pleasure of watching Dr. Whiteley take her place with the Staff, the first lady to occupy that position at the Royal College of Science. 75 Whiteley was promoted to Demonstrator in 1908 and, with the drafting of male scientists for war work in 1914, Whiteley was then appointed to the rank of Lecturer. 

Getting to know this intricate structure was a high priority of scientists at several laboratories, among them Argonne, twenty-five miles southwest of Chicago, and Brookhaven, on the site of old Camp Upton, a training camp for U.S. soldiers during both world wars. 

None of the discoveries —from Italy, Illinois, or Ohio—could be confirmed by other scientists. A great debate went on for many years as to whether element 61 had really been found or not. Finally, the problem was solved. During World War II (1939—1945), scientists at the Oak Ridge Laboratory in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, were studying the materials formed during atomic fission. Atomic fission is the process in which large... 

The threat became urgent in July. Germany ratified the Treaty of Versailles, which included a provision that compelled it to turn over accused war criminals for trial. Haber immediately sent the rest of his family—Charlotte, seventeen-year-old Hermann, and Eva, who was not quite two—to the neutral haven of Switzerland. Perhaps he acquired a new identity years later, scientists at his institute discovered a forged passport with Haber s picture. On August 1, he followed his family to the Alpine city of St.-Moritz. There he waited. He also grew a beard, evidently thinking that it might help conceal his identity. 

Less than a week later, Haber s forebodings became reality. The government unveiled a law ordering the removal within six months of all Jews from the German civil service, except for those Jews who d been soldiers in World War I. The law covered every German university professor and nearly every scientist at the institutes of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. 

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