Resists materials

The dimensions of concentric-tube nebulizers have been reduced to give microconcentric nebulizers (MCN), which can also be made from acid-resistant material. Sample uptake with these microbore sprayers is only about 50 xl/min, yet they provide such good sample-transfer efficiencies that they have a performance comparable with other pneumatic nebulizers, which consume about 1 ml/min of sample. Careful alignment of the ends of the concentric capillary tubes (the nozzle)... 

Polyquinolines are some of the most versatile thermally stable polymers they were developed during the 1970s in response to increasing demand for high temperature resistant materials and are undergoing commercial development (Maxdem, Inc., San Dimas, California). Evidence of their stabiUty is... 

Cobalt aHoys may find appHcation ia a fluidized-bed process for the direct combustion of coal (qv). CoCrAlY-coated Haynes 188 has proven to be one of the most resistant materials to a fireside corrosion process encountered ia tubes coimected the fluidized-bed combustor to a steam turbiae. 

AH columns, distributors, and ancHlary hardware such as piping, valves, and pumps must be constmcted of corrosion-resistant materials, or coated with an appropriate substance. AH streams that contact the hardware during each step of the cycHc operation need to be considered in this selection. 

Hydrodynamic principles for gas bearings are similar to those involved with Hquid lubricants except that gas compressibility usually is a significant factor (8,69). With gas employed as a lubricant at high speeds, start—stop wear is minimized by selection of wear-resistant materials for the journal and bearing. This may involve hard coatings such as tungsten carbide or chromium oxide flame plate, or soHd lubricants, eg, PTFE and M0S2. 

The main cause of anode wear is electrochemical oxidation or sulfur attack of anodic surfaces. As copper is not sufficiently resistant to this type of attack, thin caps of oxidation and sulfur-resistant material, such as platinum, are bra2ed to the surface, as shown in Eigure 15a. The thick platinum reinforcement at the upstream corner protects against excessive erosion where Hall effect-induced current concentrations occur, and the interelectrode cap protects the upstream edge from anodic corrosion caused by interelectrode current leakage. The tungsten undedayment protects the copper substrate in case the platinum cladding fails. 

Isolation of radioactive wastes for long periods to allow adequate decay is sought by the use of multiple barriers. These include the waste form itself, the primary containers made of resistant materials, overpacks as secondary layers, buffer materials, concrete vaults, and finally the host rock or sod. Barriers limit water access to the waste and minimize contamination of water suppHes. The length of time wastes must remain secure is dependent on the regulatory limit of the maximum radiation exposure of individuals in the vicinity of the disposal site. 

Liquids. Approximately 170,000 railroad tank cars are used in the United States. The interior surfaces of these cars are tailored to carry a wide variety of products and are constmcted of steel which is either unlined or lined with materials to enhance the chemical compatibiUty with a specific product these lining materials include synthetic mbber, phenoHc or modified epoxy resins, or corrosion-resistant materials such as aluminum, nickel-bearing steel, or stainless steel. 

Use of coherent light sources in industrial appHcations has led to the field of photodynamic therapy as a photochemically based medical technology (9—11). The apphcation of photochemistry to information storage and communication processes is expected (12) (see Information storage materials Resist materials). 

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