Fire resistant polymeric materials

TG-DTA-MS has obvious synthetic polymer applications. TA-MS has been appHed to study the thermal behavior of homopolymers, copolymers, polymeric blends, composites, residual monomers, solvents, additives, and toxic degradation products. In the latter context, FICl evolution from heated polyfvinyl chloride) materials is readily quantified by TA-MS and such data are of major significance in the design of fire-resistant polymeric materials. Pyrotechnic materials have been studied by TA-MS. A complex sequence of thermal events relates to the decomposition of these materials involving interactions between the nitrocellulose, perchlorate, and metal components with periodic release of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Only by EGA is it possible to rationalize the thermal behavior of such materials. TA-FTIR has also been applied extensively to study the thermal characteristics of synthetic polymers... 

Shaov, A.Kh., Borukaev, T.A., Begretov, M.M. Last achievements in the field of creation of fire-resistant polymeric materials with use phosphor organics compounds (Review.) - Chemical physics of pyrolysis, combustion and oxidation.-NoYa Sci. Publ., New York.-2005.-P.19-31. 

Besides, the usage of halogen-replaced bisphenols and dicarboxylic acids for synthesizing polyesters of lowered flammability considerably increases the cost of the latter. Consequently, the aromatic inhibiting flame additions are necessary for creating thermally and fire resistant polymeric materials. The introduction of such agents in small amoimts would not diminish properties of polyesters. 

Chlorinated paraffins are versatile materials and are used in widely differing appHcations. As cost-effective plasticizers, they are employed in plastics particularly PVC, mbbers, surface coatings, adhesives, and sealants. Where required they impart the additional features of fire retardance, and chemical and water resistance. In conjunction with antimony trioxide, they constitute one of the most cost-effective fire-retardant systems for polymeric materials, textiles, surface coatings, and paper products. Chlorinated paraffins are also employed as components in fat Hquors used in the leather industry, as extreme pressure additives in metal-working lubricants, and as solvents in carbonless copying paper. 

Polyphosphazenes are intrinsically fire-resistant materials because of the presence of phosphorus and nitrogen in the polymeric chain. A low flammability is thus one of the most important properties of polyphosphazenes, particularly of the polyaryloxyphosphazenes I, in which R may be H, halogens, and alkyl or alkoxy groups. 

Since combustion is subject to many variables, tests for flame retardancy may not predict flame resistance under unusual conditions. Thus a disclaimer stating that flame-retardant tests do not predict performance in an actual fire must accompany all flame-retardant polymeric materials. Flame retardants, like many other organic compounds, may be toxic, or they may produce toxic gases when burned. Thus care must be exercised when using fabrics or other polymers treated with flame retardants. 

New trends in the modification of lignins related to the formation of polymeric materials with such special properties as thermal stability, fire resistance and use as carriers for controlled release, bioactive compounds are discussed. Several properties of new polymeric materials, especially their thermal behavior, were studied. 

This chapter and the subsequent chapters in the book are focused on the fire resistance aspect of modern-day polymeric materials, plastics, and textiles as they are more commonly referred to. 

Plasticized sulfur is a hot-melt adhesive and fulfills more of these requirements than any presently available, commercial glue. However, modified sulfur cannot be applied with present production equipment, and sulfur lacks many important, frequently required qualifications, among them fire resistance and resistance to heat. Thus, substantially more work would be necessary to make elemental sulfur a viable commercial bulk glue. However, we found that elemental sulfur can be polymerized in situ with formaldehyde resins (5,33), and this yields bonds which have good mechanical properties, moisture resistance, and promising high-temperature behavior. Such glues can be handled with presently available equipment and presently common process conditions (35,36). These materials are described separately (33). 

Efficiency developed bugles skeletons from polymeric compositions is defined by that a way of manufacturing bugles skeletons on the basis of a polymeric composition from utilized polymethylmetacrylate will allow to reduce quantity of stages of multiphase process (is excluded necessity of manufacturing of fire-resistant model at a traditional way) and to improve quality of a product. Finally we receive essential economy of material and time resources, that, naturally, reduces the cost price of process of manufacturing of all bugles a skeleton, so cost of orthopedic service for the patient. 

The question of improving fire-resistance of aromatic polyesters is paid more attention last time. Polymeric materials can be classified on criterion of combustibility noncombustible, hard-to-bum and combustible. Aromatic polyesters enter the combustible group of polymers self-attenuating when taken out of fire. 

The considerable fire-resistance of polymeric materials and also the conservation of their form and sizes are required when pol5miers are exploited to hard conditions such as presence of open fire, oxygen environment, exposure to high-temperature heat fluxes. 

The flame retardants are chemical substances used in various products such as plastics, textiles, and furnishing foam to reduce their fire hazards by interfering with the composition of the polymeric materials. The use of polymeric materials as adhesives or as organic composites, for naval, aeronautic or electronic applications, becomes more and more important. However, one of the most important disadvantages of these materials concerns is their thermal and fire resistance behaviors (Aseeva Zaikov 1985). 

The concept of sustainable development requires fire retardant technologies to be developed that have a minimum impact on health and the environment throughout the life cycle of the fire-resistant material Starting from its synthesis, via fabrication, use, and recycling to its final disposal. Therefore, the search for new environmentally friendly flame retardant polymeric materials is of large current interest. 

A permanent or semi-permanent fire resistance of paper, wood, plastics, fabrics, etc. can be obtained when the fire retardant can be chemically bonded to, or physically incorporated in an insoluble form, in these highly polymeric materials. In the case of synthetic materials, the most intimate bonding is usually obtained by co-polymerisation with a tire-retardant monomer or short-chain oligomer. Alternatively, it may be possible to attach the P compound by a suitable reaction with the preformed polymer. 

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