Resist materials innovations

The practice of multilevel resist technology has evolved rapidly since its introduction in 1973 (39) largely through resist materials innovation. The first applications of this technology involved use of DQN-type resists over poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the planarizing layer. The pattern was... 

Although ASA has been marketed for more than 30 years, it is still a product with a considerable potential for new applications owing to the well-balanced cost-property relationship. The strength of ASA lies in the unique combination of its good weatherability, toughness, surface properties and resistance to chemicals. To be successful as an ASA supplier in the future the following prerequisites seem to be mandatory back integration for the main raw materials, innovative process and development, development of new applications coupled with a reliable and skilled technical customer support service. 

IAEA continues long-term basic studies to identify heat and corrosion resistant materials suited for constructing demanding acid reactors, propose innovative process techniques to improve efficiency... 

Fire-, blast-, and earthquake-resistant materials and systems Crosscutting innovations Constituent materials New materials Smart systems for design of fire-, blast-, and heat-resistant alternative reinforced structures Survivability reserach Concrete as part of multimaterials systems Noncorroding steel reinforcement Concrete with predictable performance Materials with reduced shrinkage and cracking Reduction of alkali-silica reactions in concrete... 

It will not be easy to find a simple, rapid solution to all such problems without involving the participation and efficiencies of the plastics industry. The present problems, as well as ones that can be expected in the future, will not reduce the high innovation potential of plastics, and the growth market can be expected to expand continually. The reason for this optimism is the past history and ability of plastics to produce a new generation of materials to meet new requirements. When the market is ready, plastics could become the world s most fire-resistant material (which is not typical today), the strongest material in the world, and other factors highlighted throughout this book. 

Polyimides (PI) were among the eadiest candidates in the field of thermally stable polymers. In addition to high temperature property retention, these materials also exhibit chemical resistance and relative ease of synthesis and use. This has led to numerous innovations in the chemistry of synthesis and cure mechanisms, stmcture variations, and ultimately products and appHcations. Polyimides (qv) are available as films, fibers, enamels or varnishes, adhesives, matrix resins for composites, and mol ding powders. They are used in numerous commercial and military aircraft as stmctural composites, eg, over a ton of polyimide film is presently used on the NASA shuttle orbiter. Work continues on these materials, including the more recent electronic apphcations. 

Plastics are highly resistant to a variety of chemicals. They have a high strength per unit weight of material therefore, they are of prime importance to the designer of chemical process equipment. Their versatility in properties has provided new and innovative designs of equipment. They are excellent substitutes for expensive nonferrous metals. 

Typical marine propellers are fixed pitch and small in diameter with veiy thin, but broad, blade sections. They are made from either cast metal, corrosion-resistant metal alloys such as copper, or composite materials. Marine propellers normally operate at 60 percent efficiency due to the proximity of the ship s hull, which limits the overall diameter of the propeller and disturbs the efficient flow of water through the blades. As a result, the blades have to be veiy wide to produce adequate thrust. Marine propeller designers use innovations such as overlapping blades and wheel vanes to offset those problems and improve efficiency. 

Measurements of corrosion rates and other parameters connected with corrosion processes are important, first as indicators of the corrosion resistance of metallic materials and second because such measurements are based on general and fundamental physical, chemical, and electrochemical relations. Hence improvements and innovations in methods applied in corrosion research are likely to benefit basic disciplines as well. A method for corrosion measurements can only provide reliable data if the background of the method is fully understood. Failure of a method to give correct data indicates a need to revise assumptions regarding the basis of the method, which sometimes leads to the discovery of as-yet unnoticed phenomena. 

EUV materials ar d processes (UTR) Charged beam materials and processes Innovative beam materials and processes Mask making resists and processes... 

The distinction between the profile of an inventor and innovator is quite clear from the report involving the invention and innovation of penicillin and streptomycin. According to Schumpeter (1988), an inventor produces ideas, while an innovator makes things happen, and materializes ideas. Personal commitment and willpower are characteristics of an innovator. This is the difference between Fleming and Florey in relation to the discovery and innovation of penicillin, respectively. The researcher/inven-tor has to deal with resistance to new ideas without the ability to make these new ideas accepted. In contrast, an innovator has the ability necessary to promote ideas and transform them into reality. 

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