Lining Material

Aqueous hydrogen fluoride of greater than 60% maybe handled in steel up to 38°C, provided velocities are kept low (<0.3 m/s) and iron pickup in the process stream is acceptable. Otherwise, mbber or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) linings are used. For all appHcations, PTFE or PTEE-lined materials are suitable up to the maximum use temperature of 200°C. PTEE is also the material of choice for gasketing. AHoy 20 or Monel is typically used for valve and pump appHcations. Materials unacceptable for use in HE include cast iron, type 400 stainless steel, hardened steels, titanium, glass, and siHcate ceramics. 

Liquids. Approximately 170,000 railroad tank cars are used in the United States. The interior surfaces of these cars are tailored to carry a wide variety of products and are constmcted of steel which is either unlined or lined with materials to enhance the chemical compatibiUty with a specific product these lining materials include synthetic mbber, phenoHc or modified epoxy resins, or corrosion-resistant materials such as aluminum, nickel-bearing steel, or stainless steel. 

Visible light activated resin compositions containing calcium hydroxide have been made available as cavity lining materials (99) for pulp capping and pulpotomy, and may offer in other appHcations an alternative to the calcium sahcylate type cements. 

Composite Resins. Many composite restorative resins have incorporated fluoride into the filler particles. One commonly used material, yttrium trifluoride [13709-49-4] is incorporated as a radiopaque filler to aid in radiographic diagnosis, and is also responsible for slow release of fluoride from the composites (280). This same effect is achieved with a barium—alumina—fluoro-siUcate glass filler in composite filling and lining materials. Sodium fluoride [7681-49-4] has also been used in composites by incorporating it into the resin matrix material where it provides long-term low level release (281-283). 

Sample-line material must be such as to minimize corrosion due to sample or environment. 

Listed temperature limits apply to lining material only. Rules for establishing temperature limits for components being listed are covered elsewhere in this code. 

Coatings and Linings The use of nonmetaUic coatings and lining materials in combination with steel or other materials has and will continue to be an important type of construction for combating corrosion. 

Rubber and Elastomers Rubber and elastomers are widely used as lining materials. To meet the demands of the chemical indus-tiy, rubber processors are continually improving their products. A number of synthetic rubbers have been developed, and while none has all the properties of natural rubber, they are superior in one or more ways. The isoprene and polybutadiene synthetic rubbers are duphcates of natural. 

For hydrogen reformer transfer lines, materials used are Incoloy 800, HK, and HT cast stainless steels. Wrought 300 series stainless steels and internally insulated carbon, carbon-V2, Mo. and IV4 Cr- /2 Mo steels. Reported failures of transfer lines indicate that failures are associated with... 

Futterungs-stoff, m. lining material, -versuch, m. feeding experiment. 

Other applications of PCP. CNSL resins are known to provide better fade and quieter braking action in brake lining materials. Table 12 gives the properties... 

The most suitable lining is then selected, usually by the lining contractor, who will take responsibility for the choice. Most lining companies have detailed knowledge of the resistance capabilities of their lining materials and are best able to make the final decision. 

Laboratory testing for abrasion resistance will usually only indicate differences between competing materials, and so may not prove the suitability of a lining for a particular abrasive environment. In a chemical environment, absorption or chemical attack on the lining material will affect the rate of... 

Laboratory methods for the evaluation of protective coatings used as lining materials in immersion service... 

Foamed polyurethane. The basic chemicals are mixed in the liquid state with foaming agents, and swell into a low-density foam which sets by polymerization into a rigid mass. As the swelling material will expand into any shape required, it is ideal for the core of sandwich panels, and the sheet material skins may be flat or profiled. When the panels are manufactured the mixture is injected between the inner and outer skins and expands to the thickness required, adhering to the lining materials. 

Cardanol, a main component obtained by thermal treatment of cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL), is a phenol derivative having mainly the meta substituent of a C15 unsaturated hydrocarbon chain with one to three double bonds as the major. Since CNSL is nearly one-third of the total nut weight, a great amount of CNSL is obtained as byproducts from mechanical processes for the edible use of the cashew kernel. Only a small part of cardanol obtained in the production of cashew kernel is used in industrial fields, though it has various potential industrial utilizations such as resins, friction-lining materials, and surface coatings. Therefore, development of new applications for cardanol is very attractive. 

No problems arise when the glass-ionomer cement is used to restore abrasion/erosion lesions in primary teeth and as a lining material in shallow cavity preparations (Tobias et al., 1978, 1987). In deeper... 

Plant, C. G. Wilson, H. J. (1970). Early strengths of lining materials. British Dental Journal, 129, 269-74. 

Smith, D. C., Ruse, D. N. Zuccolin, D. (1988). Some characteristics of glass ionomer cement lining materials. Canadian Dental Journal, 54, 903-8. 

Fisher, F. J. (1977). The effect of three proprietary lining materials on microorganisms in carious dentine. An in vivo investigation. British Dental Journal, 143, 231-5. 

In a joint research project in Sweden under the main title "Fire hazard - Fire growth in compartments in the early stage of development (pre-flashover)" (1, 2) a number of different factors have been studied. In the process of developing a full-scale fire test method - "room-corner" configuration - for surface lining materials, Nordtest NT-FIRE 025, the emission of smoke and gas was studied. That study covers data from thirteen different single and... 

---