Current induced

NDT inspection in the thin-skin regime is well adapted to finding the length of a surface slot or crack from eddy current data. With the electromagnetic skin depth smaller than the slot depth, the interaction between the eddy current induced in the test block and tbe slot is strong at the surface of the block. 

In retrospect, this study has demonstrated the limitations of two commonly accepted methods of analysing solubilisation and micellar catalysis, respectively. It has become clear that solubilisate ririg-current induced shifts need to be interpreted with due caution. These data indicate a proximity of solubilisate and parts of the surfactant and, strictly, do not specify the location within the micelle where the encounter takes place. Also the use of the pseudophase model for bimolecular reactions requires precaution. When distribution of the reactants over the micelle is not comparable, erroneous results are likely to be obtained... 

This simplified discussion has neglected the effects of axial current flow, ie. Hall current, induced by the axial field. At a local region in the channel, equation 1 can be written in more general form as... 

In simple terms, galvanic potential is related to the magnitude of the current induced by coupling dissimilar materials exposed to a common conductive fluid. The magnitude of the potential depends on the materials that are coupled and on the characteristics of the fluid to which the metals are exposed. 

Eddy currents are circular currents induced in wide areas within the core in the surrounding wires and structures by the presence of high magnetic fields. There is not much that a typical designer can do to reduce these losses. 

In the absence of free charge in the disk, the electric displacement will be independent of position, although it will vary with time D = [D(t),0,0]. The current induced in the external circuit is attributable to changes in electric displacement within the disk and is given by... 

Wheatstone, C. (1867). On the Augmentation of the Power of a Magnet by the reaciion thereon of Currents induced by the Magnet itself Proceedings of (be Royal Society, Februaiy. 

This minimal K+ channel (MinK) encoded by KCNEl consists of 130 amino acid residues and has a single transmembrane segment. A slowly activating K+ current-induced MinK cRNA is expressed in Xenopus oocytes. Coexpression of KvLQTl with MinK induced a current that has characteristics similar to cardiac slowly activating delayed-rectifier K+ current, DCS, in contrast to DCR that has relative fast activation and is composed of hERG/MiRPl. 

TK NKxr displays a broad distribution in both peripheral tissues and in the central nervous system (CNS). In both CNS and enteric neurons, NKxr stimulation increase their excitability, whereas in trigeminal ganglion neurons SP has no intrinsic electrophysio-logical effects but is capable to enhance the amplitude of the inward current induced by the stimulation of serotonin 5-HT3 recqrtors. This enhancement dqjends on the activation of PKC via the stimulation of NKX recqrtors. This is an interesting case of receptor cross talk. Other functions of NKxr have been also highlighted. 

If a susceptor such as a metal crucible is placed within the coil. The R.F. power induces "eddy-currents" in the crucible, causing it to heat up. Eddy-currents are circular electrical currents induced within the metal by the R.F. field of the coil. It is essentially a "skin" effect, and the depth of penetration, l.e.- depth of eddy-current generation within the crucible is defined by ... 

The electric current induced in the same direction (x-direction) is calculated directly ... 

Frizzell and coworker s laboratory has examined the properties of the whole-cell currents generated by cAMP, increases in cytosolic Ca ", and increases in cell volume [12,124], They found that the properties of all three Cl -currents are different. The cAMP induced Cl -current is linear and conducts Cl better than I. These findings do not fit with the properties of the ICOR channel, which is outwardly rectifying and conducts 1 better than CP (cf. above). On the other hand, the CP-current induced by hypoosmolar solutions had characteristics similar to the ICOR channel. Comparable results have meanwhile been obtained in another laboratory (Fromter, personal communication). 

Kass, R.S., Tsien, R.W. and Weingart, R. (1978). Ionic basis of transient inward current induced by strophanthidin in cardiac Purkinje fibres. J. Physiol. 281, 209-226. 

Matsuura, H. and Shattock, M.J. (1991a). Membrane potential fluctuations and transient inward currents induced by reactive oxygen intermediates in isolated rabbit ventricular cells. Circ. Res. 68, 319-329. 

The other limit is the problem of temperature measurements. Classical temperature sensors could be avoided in relation to power level. Hence, temperature measurements will be distorted by strong electric currents induced inside the metallic wires insuring connection of temperature sensor. The technological solution is the optical fiber thermometers [35-39]. However, measurements are limited below 250 °C. For higher values, surface temperature can be estimated by infrared camera or pyrometer [38, 40], However, due to volumic character of microwave heating, surface temperatures are often inferior to core temperatures. 

Diffusion is characterized by a mass transfer coefficient U8 of 104 m/h, which can be regarded as a molecular diffusivity of 2 x 10 6 m2/h divided by a path length of 0.02 m. In practice, bioturbation may contribute substantially to this exchange process, and in shallow water current-induced turbulence may also increase the rate of transport. Diffusion in association with organic colloids is not included. The D value is thus given as Us AwZ2. 

Liljeroth P, Repp J, Meyer G (2007) Current-induced hydrogen tautomerization and conductance switching of naphthalocyanine molecules. Science 317 1203... 

Aoki, T., K. Nihonyanagi, and T. Oba. 1993. Involvement of thiols in the induction of inward current induced by silver in frog skeletal muscle. Experientia 49 792-794. 

Heat detectors are activated by either melting a fusible material, changes in electrical current induced by heat loads on bi-metallic metals, destruction of the device itself by the heat, or by sensing a rate of ambient temperature rise. 

An external magnehc held does not create vortex lines because currents induced by gradients of the phase of kA are absent [see Eq. (19)]. To determine the response of the CEL condensate to rotahon we shall consider its free energy in the frame of reference, rotahng with a constant angular velocity lJ. This energy is dehned as follows... 

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