Nickel-bearing

Platinum occurs native, accompanied by small quantities of iridium, osmium, palladium, ruthenium, and rhodium, all belonging to the same group of metals. These are found in the alluvial deposits of the Ural mountains, of Columbia, and of certain western American states. Sperrylite, occurring with the nickel-bearing deposits of Sudbury, Ontario, is the source of a considerable amount of metal. 

Osmium occurs in iridosule and in platinum-bearing river sands of the Urals, North America, and South America. It is also found in the nickel-bearing ores of Sudbury, Ontario region along with other platinum metals. While the quantity of platinum metals in these ores is very small, the large tonnages of nickel ores processed make commercial recovery possible. 

Liquids. Approximately 170,000 railroad tank cars are used in the United States. The interior surfaces of these cars are tailored to carry a wide variety of products and are constmcted of steel which is either unlined or lined with materials to enhance the chemical compatibiUty with a specific product these lining materials include synthetic mbber, phenoHc or modified epoxy resins, or corrosion-resistant materials such as aluminum, nickel-bearing steel, or stainless steel. 

Nickel and Nickel Alloys A wide range of ferrous and nonfer-rous nickel and nickel-bearing alloys are available. They are usually selected because of their improved resistance to chemical attack or their superior resistance to the effects of high temperature. In general terms their cost and corrosion resistance are somewhat a func tion of their nickel content. The 300 Series stainless steels are the most generally used. Some other frequently used alloys are hsted in Table 10-35 together with their nominal compositions. For metallurgical and corrosion resistance data, see Sec. 28. 

TABLE 10-35 Common Nickel and Nickel-Bearing Alloys... 

Fig. 8.24 Influence of heat-treatment conditions on the sub-critical stress corrosion growth rate of a nickel-bearing SS as a function of stress intensity. In the as-quenched condition, the steel shows much faster crack grown rates (after Spaehn )...

Fig. 8.2S Long-time constant-load tests demonstrating a distinct stress-corrosion cracking threshold stress in the case of a straight l3Cr martensitic SS as opposed to a nickel-bearing SS...

Finally, nickel is electrolytically produced from the purified nickel-bearing solution. In electrowinning of nickel, the hydrogen discharge reaction competes with nickel deposition at the cathode. This counterproductive effect is minimized by keeping the acidic anolyte solution separate from the catholyte by means of a diaphragm cloth. 

Ammoniacal leaching is typically applied to oxidic nickel-bearing materials that have been subjected to a reductive roast, which converts the cobalt and nickel present to their metallic form (or as ferro-alloys) and most of the iron to Fe11.106,107... 

Osmium is the 80th most abundant element on Earth. As a metal, it is not found free in nature and is considered a companion metal with iridium. It is also found mixed with platinum- and nickel-bearing ores. It is recovered by treating the concentrated residue of these ores with aqua regia (a mixture of 75% HCl and 25% HNO). The high cost of refining osmium is made economically feasible by also recovering marketable amounts of platinum and nickel. 

Platinum occurs in nature as a bright-white cubic crystalline solid with metallic luster associated with other noble metals of its group. Platinum also occurs as the mineral sperrylite, PtAs2, found as tin-white brittle cubic crystals containing 52-57% platinum in certain nickel-bearing deposits. Some other minerals of platinum are cooperite PtS (Pt 80-86%) and braggite(Pt, Pd, Ni)S (Pt 58-60%). The abundance of platinum in the earth s crust is estimated to be 0.005 mg/kg. 

GARNIERITE. This mineral occurs as amorphous masses, presumably as a product of secondary alteration of nickel-bearing peridotites. It is a... 

There are hundreds of special nickel-bearing alloys of proprietary formulations and tradenames. 

Another process that has benefited from procedures such as that outlined above is the removal of cobalt from leach liquors derived from the extraction of nickel-bearing concentrates or mattes.406 Traditionally, the removal of cobalt from such acidic sulfate solutions has been based on the affinity of the trivalent metal ions (such as those of iron and cobalt) for hydroxide, which... 

Galbreath, K.C. and Zygarlicke, C.J. (2004) Formation and chemical speciation of arsenic-, chromium-, and nickel-bearing coal combustion PM2.5. Fuel Processing Technology, 85(6-7), 701-26. 

Manceau, A. Calas, G. (1986) Nickel-bearing clay minerals 2. Intracrystalline distribution of nickel An X-ray absorption study. Clay Minerals, 21, 341-60. 

Tejedor-Tejedor, M. I., Anderson, M. A. Herbillon, A. J. (1983) An investigation of the coordination number of Ni2+ in nickel-bearing phyllosilicates using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. J. Solid State Chem., 50, 153-62 [see Faye (1974)]. 

For many years this New Caledonian Garnierite was the chief source of the world s nickel supply, but since 1905 it has been eclipsed by sulphide ores from Ontario. The Commissioners appointed to investigate and report upon the nickel supplies of Ontario published their opinion in 1917 that2 The nickel ore deposits of Ontario are much more extensive and offer better facilities for the production of nickel at low cost than do those of any other country. Nickel-bearing ores occur in many parts of the world, but the great extent of the deposits in this province, their richness and uniformity m metal contents, and the success of the industry, point strongly to the conclusion that Ontario nickel has little to fear from competition. ... 

Some amorphous regions in ALHA77307 contain rounded grains of kamacite with 4-5 %Ni and nickel-bearing sulfides, which are both <200 nm in size. Elsewhere, magnetite occurs as crystals as small as 50 nm and aggregates <10 p.m... 

Lateritic weathering, promoted by warm-humid environments and low rates of erosion, can enhance some geochemical anomalies to the point where they may be mined at a profit. For example, lateritic weathering of dunites and peridotites or their serpentinized equivalents can produce ores of nickel with 1 -2% nickel. Nickel is commonly hosted by either iron oxides or silicates (garnierite). The deposits may be cmdely vertically zoned with pisolitic iron-oxide and nickel-bearing zones above richer saprolitic silicate ore. 

Internal Standard Addition. An example of the use of an internal standard for phase quantification is the recent work by Madsen et in their study of the reaction mechanism of pressure acid leaching (PAL) of nickel laterite ores. This was an in situ study in which nickel laterites were reacted with sulfuric acid at elevated temperature and hydrothermal pressure to prevent the boiling of the acid. The purpose of pressure acid leaching is to dissolve any nickel-bearing phases into the acid and subsequently treat this with solvent extraction for the recovery of the nickel. There has been much ex situ work done to the reaction mechanisms of this system, but these studies have relied on the cooling of the system prior to any analytical work. 

An electroplating plant has 2,000 m /day of a nickel-bearing waste. The nickel concentration is 15,000 mg/L as NiS04. Assume the following characteristics of the system ... 

In the USA, approximately 10% of nickel that is consumed per year undergoes recycling. Nickel-bearing materials, mostly from the steel industry, are melted, refined, and used to prepare alloys similar in composition to those that enter the recycling process. 

---