Applications fire resistant materials

MAJOR APPLICATIONS Fire-resistant material, replacement for asbestos, thermal-protective clothing, ion-exchange resins, microporous absorbent beads, membrane apphcations. 

Use of manual fire monitors or area coverage water spray or deluge systems are typically sufficient for the fire protection of heat exchangers. However, where exchanger support saddles exceed 12 in (30 cm) in height, the supports should be protected by either water spray at a density of 0.3 gpm/ft (12 Ipm/m ) or application of fire resistive material. 

The fire death rate in the United States is decreasing, dropping from a rate of 76 per million in the 1940s, when most construction and decorative products were made of natural materials, to 29 per million in the 1980s, by which time, PVC had replaced natural materials in numerous applications (189). This downward trend can be attributed in laige part to improved building codes and the broader use of sprinkler systems and smoke detectors. However, the increased use of more fire-resistant materials, such as PVC, deserves part of the credit for this improvement. 

After the tragedy of Apollo 1, NASA intensified its focus on advanced fire-resistant materials and one of the first alternatives considered was PBI. NASA contracted with Celanese Corporation to develop a line of PBI textiles for use in space suits and vehicles. Heat and flame resistant PBI fabric based on the fiber for high-temperature applications was developed. The fibers developed from the PBI polymer showed a number of highly desirable features, such as inflammability, no melting point, and retention of both strength and flexibility after exposure to flames. The stiff fibers also maintained their integrity when exposed to high temperatures and were mildew, abrasion and chemical resistant. 

Electrical insulators fire-resistant materials wood preservatives boat hull coatings (antimagnetic properties) high-pressure additives for lubricants Hydraulic fluids plastics adhesives fire retardants in transformers sealants Contaminants of PCBs and various chlorinated phenols Wood preservatives leather paper industry applications herbicides fungicides algicides insecticides disinfectants... 

Ceramizable (ceramifiable) silicone rubber-based composites are fire resistant materials developed especially for cable covers application. In case of fire, electrical installations are endangered of short circuit effect which can deactivate lots of important devices, like fire sprinklers, elevators, fire alarms or lamps indicating route to emergency exits. Ceramizable composites are able to sustain functioning of electric circuit on fire and high temperature up to 120 min by producing ceramic, porous layer protecting copper wire inside a cable. 

Applications. Initial appHcations have been largely in military and aerospace areas. These include hydrauHc seals for military aircraft and fuel seals and diaphragms for both military and civiHan aircraft. Shock mounts for EZ are used on aircraft engines. Large fabric-reinforced boot seals are used in the air intake system on the M-1 tank. The material s useful temperature range, fuel and fatigue resistance, and fire resistance were determining factors in this appHcation. 

To conclude this synthetic section, it appears very clear that the experimental approaches for preparation of POPs are very numerous and give accessibility to phosphazene polymers and copolymers with different structures and properties. Moreover, it has been recently estimated [10,383] that the total number of polyphosphazenes reported up to now in the literature is about 700, and that these materials can find potential practical application as flame- and fire-resistant polymers [44,283, 384-388] and additives [389, 390] thermally stable macromolecules [391] chemically inert compounds [392] low temper-... 

The required protection may be obtained by active, passive, or a combination of both protection systems. For example, steel support located in a fire exposed area within process unit battery limits may be protected by either a fixed water spray system or the application of fire resistant insulating material to the steelwork or possibly both. Note Passive protection is generally the preferable method for protecting structural steel. 

Fire resistant insulating material can provide passive protection for both vertical and horizontal structural steel members. The level or rating of fire resistance should be consistent to the expected fire duration. Where only fire resistant insulating material will be used, the material and its installation system should be specified to have a 2- to 3-hour fire rating (UL 1709). In applications using a combination of fixed water spray or sprinkler protection and fire resistant insulation, a 1- to 2-hour fire rating (UL 1709) is frequently specified for the fireproofing. 

Fireproofing—Materials or application of materials to provide a degree of fire resistance to protected substrates. 

Plastic pipe or tubing may be used for a wide variety of services. As with all nonmetallic materials, code restrictions limit the applications in which their use is permitted. In general, their use in flammable or toxic service is limited. Plastic tubing of various types may be used for instrument air-signal connections however, as is the case with all nonmetallic applications, the need for fire resistance must be considered. When used)in specialized applications such as potable water or underground fire water, care should be taken to ensure that the specified products are certified by appropriate agencies such as the National Sanitation Foundation and Factory Mutual. 

The newer open-cell foams, based on polyimides (qv), polybenzimidazoles, polypyrones, polyureas, polyphenylquinoxalines, and phenolic resins (qv), produce less smoke, are more fire resistant and can be used at higher temperatures. These materials are more expensive and used only for special applications including aircraft and marine vessels. Rigid poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) foams are available in small quantities mainly for use in composite panels and piping applications (see Flame retardants Hrat-rrststantpot.ymf.rs). 

The low water absorptivity and good resistance to hydrostatic pressure make syntactic foams very useful for marine and submarine construction. Materials to be used for deep-sea application must have 1) low compressibilities at high hydrostatic pressure, 2) low thermal expansion coefficients, 3) low water absorption, and 4) good fire resistance. The fluids used for buoyancy in deep water submersibles include gasoline, ammonia, and silicone oil, while the solids include plastic, glass and aluminium foams, lithium, wood, and monolithic polyolefins. The liquids are dense but have low... 

Elastomers of this type are usually cross-linked during fabrication, and often contain fillers such as carbon black or iron oxide to reduce the compliance of the elastomer (i.e. to provide a greater resistance to deformation). Such materials are depicted in Figure 3.1. They are used in technology because of their flexibility and elasticity at low temperatures (-60 °C), their resistance to hydrocarbon solvents, oils, and hydraulic fluids, and their fire resistance.145 For these reasons, they are utilized in aerospace and advanced automotive applications. Some interest exists in their development as inert biomaterials, mainly because of their surface hydrophobicity and consequent biocompatibility. 

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