Resist materials future research

The expenditure, and potential savings estimated by the UK Committee on Corrosion for a variety of industries are shown in Table 9.1. The savings shown are those which could be made by better use of available knowledge, and do not include the potential benefit of future research and development. The costs referred to are mainly those arising in the industries concerned, or, in certain cases, sustained by users of the products because of the need for protection, maintenance and replacement of the materials of construction. In the oil and chemical industries the costs of using corrosion resistant... 

Looking further ahead, the recent development of multi-material AM could have a significant impact upon customised footwear and handwear systems. In a single build process, the Connex series of machines (Objet Geometries, 2010) can build a component (or assembly of components) from a combination of materials, ranging from a soft flexible rubber to a stiff plastic. In theory, this would enable a flexible skin to be produced with embedded protective elements that conformed to the shape of the hand or foot. However, the rubber-like nitrile-based materials currently available have a low tear resistance, which makes them unsuitable for repeated bending and flexing. Nevertheless, future materials development could yield improved characteristics, so this is an area worthy of future research effort. 

Future research efforts in IVD arthroplasty should focus on either partial or full disc functional restoration. This may include NP implants and/or reinforcement or total disc replacement. PVA-C, as a hydrogel, has many interesting properties, such as its long-term biocompatibility and nontoxicity. It is also strongly hydrophilic and viscoelastic with nonlinear stress-strain characteristics similar to the IVD. It has a very low coefficient of friction and has good wear resistance [23]. However, its strength is still too low to serve as a practical functional replacement of the annulus fibrosus. PVA-BC may further increase the strength of the PVA-C to make it a viable candidate material for IVD fabrication. 

The purpose of this book is to provide, in one volume, an overview of structural adhesives. One chapter will be devoted to each of the major classes of structural adhesives, emphasizing the chemistry of the base resin and the main end uses for the adhesives of that class. The choice of systems is restricted to synthetic resins that are of current industrial interest for structural bonding. Some, such as the phenolics and epoxies, have been used successfully for many years and are of considerable industrial importance. Others, notably the structural acrylics and cyanoacrylates, are generating much interest and will probably become more widely used for industrial applications in the future. The newer polymers, for high-temperature-resistant adhesives, are currently of limited use most activity in these systems is at present still in the research and development stage. The desire for higher-temperature-resistant materials is creating much interest in these polymers and adhesives based on them will undoubtedly become important in the future. 

Areas requiring special attention in the future include improved stabilization processes for existing polymers and the synthesis of new polymeric materials which are more resistant against environmental corrosion than those presently used. The implications of the stability of natural polymers for the prediction of service life of synthetic polymers,the general effects of hydrolysis, the light-induced hydrolytic degradation are relevant research topics. 

The styrene plastics industry has emerged over the past 30 years to become a major worldwide business. The industry has grown because the excellent balance of mechanical properties and processability of styrene plastics allow it to fill diverse market needs. The advent of workable industrial processes for both monomer and polymer and the fact that styrene plastics were made from once inexpensive raw materials have likewise contributed to the growth of the industry. In spite of the relative maturity of the science and the industry, styrene plastics remain a fruitful area for research. For example, the development of new materials having unique properties, such as fire and heat resistance, and the development of efficient energy and material-saving fabrication processes are expected to be the subject of extensive study in the future. 

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