Flame Resistant Materials

Polysulfones are self-extinguishing resin. Polysulfones with no flame retardant additives has been given 94V-0 under the UL Standards. The value of limited oxygen index (around 0.40) points out their excellent flame retardancy [109]. Furthermore, exposed to flame, polysulfones emit very little smoke or toxic volatiles. However, the high flameproof properties of polysulfones are scanty when they are used as electriccd parts or in an epoxy resins network. Poly(sulfone) (PSF) and p oly(ether sulfone) (PES) are commonly used for high performance applications such as advanced 

However, it was shown that the mechanisms and their efficiency depend on such factors as the chemical structure of the 

Hedrick, D.K. Mohanty, B.C. Johnson, R. Viswanathan, J.A. Hinkley, and J.E. McGrath, Journal of Polymer Science, Part A- Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 24, p. 287,1986. 

Lufrano, G. Squadrito, A. Patti and E. Passalacqna, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 77, p.l250,2000. 

Petrovan, and C. Mihailescu, Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, Vol. 35, p. 757,1996. 

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Additional temporary protections, e.g., a firewatch with fire extinguisher and emergency notification procedure that includes covering sewer openings, construction of fire boxes of flame resistant material to contain sparks, etc. 

ASTM F 2700 Standard Test Method for Unsteady-State Heat Transfer Evaluation of Flame Resistant Materials for Clothing with Continuous Heating... 

Dorr, V. A., Schreiner, H. R., "Region of Noncombustion, Flammability Limits of Hydrogen-Oxygen Mixtures, Full Scale Combustion and Extinguishing Tests and Screening of Flame-Resistant Materials," Ocean Systems, Inc., Tonawanda, N.Y., 1969. 

To date flame-retarding agents have not consciously been used for pharmaceutical products, and are not covered here, except to note that electrical or electronic equipment involved in drug administration normally has to use flame-resistant materials for safety purposes. 

The plausible universe of alternatives to decaBDE for achieving fire safety in TV enclosures includes chemical substitutes, inherently flame resistant materials that eliminate the need for added flame retardant chemicals (for example, steel or aluminum), and TV re-design options that eliminate the need for flame retardants by separating the enclosure from the heat source. Alternative enclosure designs that eliminate the need for added chemical flame retardants and meet or exceed performance specifications (including flame retardancy) are considered inherently preferable alternatives, particularly if they are derived from benign chemicals (and safe processes) and are recyclable or compostable at end of life. 

Aliphatic linkage is completely eliminated in ladder polymers such as polybenzimidazopyrrolones, commonly called pyrrones (Figure 1.38). Such polymers are highly stable in air. They do not bum or melt when heated but form carbon char without much weight loss. They are potentially the ultimate in heat- and flame-resistant materials. 

Yarns can be dyed or are producer colored. This allows for the design of attractive interiors and at the same time, provides the safety of a flame-resistant material. The filament denier for these applications is higher than that of yarns for apparel fabrics and is generally in the range of 3-10. 

Crown E, Dale J, Bitner E. A comparative analysis of protocols for measuring heat transmission through flame resistant materials capturing the effects of thermal shrinkage. Fire Mater 2002 26(4-5) 207-13. 

Belt conveyor A looped belt on which coal or other materials can be carried and which is generally constructed of flame-resistant material or of reinforced rubber or rubber-like substance. 

Laboratory coats should be worn at all times in explosives laboratories. The coat should be made of flame-resistant material and should be quickly removable. A coat can help reduce minor injuries from flying glass as well as the possibility of injury from an explosive flash. 

The phosphorous-containing epoxides (80) are good, flame-resistant materials, especially when used for structural adhesives. A typical phosphorylated epoxide is based on bis-(3-glycidyloxyphenyl)methyl phosphine oxide (BGDDPMPO) ... 

Phosphazenes and cyclophosphazenes are another promising family of flame-resistant materials. Interestingly, cyclosphazenes (32) can be both fire- and heat-resistant. The polymer obtained from tris(aminophenoxy)-tr is(maleimido-phenoxy)cyclotr iphosphazene has good thermal stability and high char yield 82% at 800 C in N2 and 81%... 

If a potential exists for skin exposure to UV lasers (200-400 mn), use skin covers and/or sunscreen. Most gloves will provide some protection against laser radiation. Tightly woven fabrics and opaque gloves provide the best protection. A laboratory jacket or coat can provide protection for the arms. For class 4 lasers, give consideration for using flame-resistant materials. Use protective clothing when exposed to levels of radiation that exceed exposure limits for the skin. 

ASTM F1958/F1958M-12, Standard Test Method for Determining the Ignitability of Non-flame-Resistant Materials for Clothing by Electric Arc Exposure Method Using Mannequins. 

Thermochromatography is useful in studying flame-resistant materials, e.g., cellulose fibres [122]. Phosphorus-containing antipyrenes increase the amount of water present in the degradation products, which, in turn, increases flame resistance of a polymer. The amount and composition of the burning products should also be taken into account in characterising the flame resistance of cellulose fibres [123]. In the thermochromatograms... 

Modifying components other than phthalic anhydride are frequently used in the preparation of unsaturated polyesters in order to impart special properties to the final product. Adipic and sebacic acids are employed to give flexible materials and isophthalic acid (VI) is used for tough products with higher heat distortion temperatures. The use of e (iomethylenetetrahydrophthalic anhydride ( nadic anhydride ) (VII), the Diels-Alder reaction product of cyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride, leads to a substantial improvement in heat resistance. Flame resistant materials are obtained by the use of chlorinated acids and anhydrides, e.g., tetrachlorophthalic anhydride (VIII) and chlorendic acid (HET acid) (IX). The latter is prepared by the Diels-Alder reaction of hexachlorocyclopentadiene and maleic anhydride the initial product is chlorendic anhydride but this rapidly absorbs water from the air to give the acid. 

EN me 61482-1-1 2009 Electric arc rating (ATPV or EBT50) of flame-resistant materials (open arc test)... 

If normal clothing catches fire, it will continue to bum even if the ignition source is removed or if the affected worker moves away from the fire. Flame-resistant material self-extinguishes on removal of the ignition source. Clothing made of flame-resistant material is known as flame-resistant clothing (FRC), which will not continue to bum in such situations, nor will it melt like some synthetic fabrics. It is used to make coveralls, lab coats, and fire hoods, and is now routinely worn by workers on process facilities at all times. It is also worn by workers who come in contact with energized electrical equipment. 

Fire-retardant material does not possess the same inherent qualities as flame-resistant material. 

Yes. Flame-resistant material is inherently flame resistant. The fibers of these materials are derived from and possess the quality to be flame resistant. Inherently flame-resistant materials are not affected by proper laundering. 

Fire-retardant material does not possess the same inherent qualities as flame-resistant material. Fire-retardant material is made from flammable materials, such as cotton or nylon, which are treated with a combination of chemicals to allow the material to resist burning. A manufacturer will use specific combinations of chemicals and win soak or spray the material so it will have the ability to self extinguish after being exposed to flames. Unlike a flame-resistant garment, fire-... 

Chemical corrosion, e.g., with additives, flame resistant materials, materials containing fluorides... 

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