Quantitative reverse

Kageyama, T., Kojima, S., Shinohara, M., Uchida, K., Fukushi, S., Hoshino, F. B., Takeda, N., and Katayama, K. (2003). Broadly reactive and highly sensitive assay for Norwalk-like viruses based on real-time quantitative reverse transcription-PCR. /. Clin. Microbiol. 41, 1548-1557. 

Godfrey TE, Kim S-H, Chavira M, et al. Quantitative mRNA expression analysis from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues using 5 nuclease quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. J. Mol. Diagn. 2000 2 84-91. 

Macabeo-Ong M, Ginzinger DG, Dekker N, et al. Effect of duration of fixation on quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses. Mod. Pathol. 2002 15 979-987. 

Scheme 16 summarizes the results obtained by enantioselective radical reduction of a-bromoester by chiral binaphthyl-derived tin hydride. The reactions were generally performed at - 78 °C. An increase in the temperature resulted in the lowering of the selectivity. All reactions mediated by (S)-configured chiral tin hydride showed an (R)-selective preference in the product. The use of the opposite enantiomer of the chiral stannane resulted in a quantitative reversal of the selectivity (not shown). The selectivity remained modest on addition of magnesium Lewis acids. These reductions were also feasible when a catalytic amount of chiral tin hydride (1 mol %) was employed in combination with an excess of achiral hydride NaCNBH3, providing similar results. 

List of Abbreviations cDNA, complementary DNA ddH20, double-distilled H2O dNTP, deoxyribonu-cleotide triphosphate EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid MgCl2, magnesium chloride mRNA, messenger ribonucleic acid NaOH, sodium hydroxide PCR, polymerase chain reaction qRT PCR, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction RNase, ribonuclease RT PCR, reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction UTR, untranslated region... 

Under certain conditions the CT-complex formation is reversible. If, for example, solid [TDAE ]C5q is treated with toluene in the absence of further TDAE, a quantitative reversion to the parent Cjq takes place upon the formation of a purple solution (Scheme 2.4) [145]. An analogous process occurs with [TDAE JCjq under ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature. 

Rehwald, A., Meier, B., and Sticher, O., Qualitative and quantitative reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of flavonoids in Crataegus leaves and flowers, J. Chromatogr. A, 677, 25, 1994. 

E. Therapeutic response Efficacy of Infergen therapy was determined by measurement of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentrations at the end of therapy (24 weeks) and following 24 weeks of observation after the end of treatment of adults with chronic HCV infection. Serum HCV RNA was also assessed using a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). At the end of 24 weeks of treatment, ALT normalization was observed in 39% of patients on Infergen and in 35% of patients on interferon alfa-2b Intron A). Only 17% of patients in each group... 

Galvan, B. Christopoulos, T. K. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction for prostate-specific antigen mRNA. Clin. Biochem. 1997, 30(5), 391-397. 

Yajima, T. Yagihashi, A. Kameshima, H. Furuya, D. Kobayashi, D. Hirata, K. Watanabe, N. Establishment of quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for human telomerase-associated genes. Clin. Chim. Acta 2000, 290(2), 117-127. 

An excellent way to prepare standard If is to add a weighed quantity of potassium iodate to a small excess of Kl.21 Then add excess strong acid (giving pH 1) to produce If by quantitative reverse disproportionation ... 

Most photochromic systems are not reversible indefinitely. However, very little careful analytical data have been accumulated to characterize the nature of the degradation products or to specify the degree of quantitative reversibility. The reasons for side reactions are inherent in the high photochemical reactivities of the systems. First of all, there must be an excited state formed by absorption this state is then transformed into other excited states or reactive species. The latter may include triplet states, carbonium ions, carbanions, free radicals, or other highly reactive intermediates. Certain of these are oxygen sensitive so that exclusion of the atmosphere and other potential sources of contaminants during irradiation is necessary. A second major route of degradation involves the excited state of the colored form which may already be... 

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. 

Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). 

Van den Heuvel JP, Clark GC, Kohn MC, et al. 1994. Dioxin-responsive genes Examination of dose-response relationships using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Cancer Res 54(l) 62-68. 

Because the 5-HT4 receptors mediate physiological effects in the heart, gut, and CNS (132), splice variants of this receptor are thought to be involved in atrial arrhythmia, irritable bowel syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases. Medhurst et al. (132) used TaqMan real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to investigate the mRNA distribution of 5-HT4 receptor C-terminal splice variants in multiple human CNS and peripheral tissues. They... 

The 5-HT6 receptors are positively coupled to adenylate cyclase. In the absence of selective agonists and antagonists as well as radioligands, they have been initially localized in the rat brain by Northern blot analyses (218,219), in situ hybridization histochemistry (219-221), and quantitative reverse transcription followed by polymerase chain reaction (222) (see also ref. 210). These studies have established that the receptor mRNA is abundant in extrapyramidal areas such as the striatum, as well as in limbic areas such as the nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, and hypothalamus. 

Me(CH2)sNH2]2+ with n-hexylamine, addition of this amine induces the dethreading of [2]pseudorotaxane [8=>39 21. This process is quantitatively reversible upon the addition of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). The changes in the absorption and fluorescence spectra allow the on/off switching to be easily monitored. 

Badve SS, et al. Estrogen- and progesterone-receptor status in ECOG 2197 comparison of immunohistochemistry by local and central laboratories and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction by central laboratory. J Clin Oncol 2008 26 2473-81. 

Direct immunohistochemical analysis of prostatic tissue has become very popular since the development of AR antibodies. However, a disadvantage of this technique in quantitative analysis is that the intensity of the immunohistochemical stain is dependent on the intactness of the structure of the AR. Therefore, mutations or alterations in the structure may reduce staining intensity (T5). Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies of AR content in relation to grade or stage of disease, as well as prediction of response to endocrine therapy, has been inconsistent. Nearly all primary prostate cancer specimens positively express AR protein, as determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis as well as by immunohistochemical analysis on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded primary prostate tissues (D12, H14). In advanced-stage prostate cancer, immunohistochemical techniques has shown that metastases in bone, the... 

Another important set of multiplexed assays monitor mRNA transcript levels. The expression level of all the genes involved in a known signal transduction pathway or other selective genes can be monitored simultaneously as a way of following compound effects on a cell. The current technologies for multiple mRNA detection include quantitative reverse transcriptional PCR (qRT-PCR), qNPA (quantitative nuclease protection assays), mass array assay technologies and branched DNA detection on Luminex beads (Panomics). The applications of such multiplexed in vitro and cell-based detection systems should provide more predicative information in hit finding and lead characterisation. 

Normal-phase HPLC may be used for separation of some aldehyde classes prior to quantitative reversed-phase HPLC. It is possible to separate 4-hydroxyalkenals by normal-phase HPLC as described below using 50% water-saturated dichloromethane as a mobile phase. This is prepared by mixing equal volumes of dry dichloromethane and a solution of dichloromethane stored under a layer of water (100%... 

The reactions (2) are irreversible but the corresponding reaction when L = CO is easily and quantitatively reversible (equation 3) (12). 

The pentahapto coordination is attained from the first formed and isolable Re() -Cp)(CO)5. Added CO quantitatively reverses the reaction in the case of Re(f-fluorenyl)(CO)3. Not unexpectedly,/ac-[Re() -Cp)(CO)3L2] is obtained from [ReXCO)3L2] and Cp (L2 = bidentate phosphines). Surprising, however, is irradiation of Re( -Cp)(CO)5, which only produces radicals by cleavage of the C-Re a bond. 

Aromatic hydrocarbons are called 7r bases because of their rather low ionization potentials. On the other hand, aromatic compounds containing a nitrogen atom possess lower MO energy than the parent hydrocarbons, and they show less electron-donating character or electron-accepting character. The mode of action of the herbicide paraquat 300 (1,1 -dimethyl-4,4 -bipyridinium salt) is thought to be connected with its reversible reduction-oxidation reactivity. The compounds with a lower level of activity possess higher reduction potentials, and their one-electron transfer is not quite quantitatively reversed. 

These quantitatively reversible enhancements and quenching of the photoluminescence of n-CdS semiconductors by the addition of gaseous bases and acids, respectively, clearly indicate not only that such phenomena are associated w ith the intrinsic basicity or acidity of these gases but also that... 

Bishop, G. A., Rokahr, K. L., Lowes, M., McGuinness, P. H., Napoli, J., DeCruz, D. J., Wong, W-Y., and McCaughan, G. W. (1997) Quantitative reverse tran-scriptase-PCR amplification of cytokine mRNA in liver biopsy specimens using a non-competitive method. Immunol. Cell Biol. 75,142-147. 

S. J. Wall and D. R. Edwards, Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) a comparison of primer-dropping, competitive, and real-time RT-PCRs. Anal Biochem 300(2) 269-273 (2002). 

Niesser M, Volk BA. Altered Thl/Th2 cytokine profiles in the intestinal mucosa of patients with inflammatory bowel disease as assessed by quantitative reversed transcribed polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Clin Exp Immunol 1995 101 428 35. 

Talantov D, Baden J, Jatkoe T, et al. A quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay to identify metastatic carcinoma tissue of origin. J Mol Diagn. 2006 8 320-329. 

Baehner FL, Maddala T, Alexander C, et ah A Kaiser-Perma-nente population-based study of ER and PR expression by the standard method, immunohistochemistry (IHC), compared to a new method, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). ASCO Breast Cancer Symposium. 2007 Abstract 88. 

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