Formalin-fixed

Fig. 11-5. Microradiogram, X1500, of a 3thick section of a formalin-fixed striated muscle of Chironomus, obtained with a 1.0-kv x-ray beam. (Courtesy of Lindstrom, Acta Radiol. Suppl., 125, 1955, page 123.)...

Sheather sugar flotation is recommended for the concentration of Cryptosporidium cysts. Although these oocysts will concentrate when the Formalin-ethyl acetate or zinc sulfate technique is used, they are more readily detected with the Sheather sugar flotation, for they stand out sharply from the background in this solution of high specific gravity. This procedure may be performed on unfixed or Formalin-fixed feces. The procedure for Sheather sugar flotation is outlined below. 

Concentration procedures have been described for feces preserved in MIF, sodium acetate-Formalin, or PVA fixative. MIF- or sodium acetate-Formalin-fixed feces may be used in place of Formalin-fixed feces in the Formalin-ethyl acetate concentration procedure. Some workers feel that organisms do not concentrate as well from material... 

Shi SR, Key ME, Kalra KL. Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1991 39 741-748. 

Shi SR, Cote RJ, Yang C, et al. Development of an optimal protocol for antigen retrieval a test battery approach exemplified with reference to the staining of retinoblastoma protein (pRB) in formalin-fixed paraffin sections. J. Pathol. 1996 179 347-352. 

Shi S-R, Cote RJ, Chaiwun B, et al. Standardization of immunohistochemistry based on antigen retrieval technique for routine formalin-fixed tissue sections. Appl. Immunohistochem. 1998 6 89-96. 

Ferrier CM, van Geloof WL, de Witte HH, et al. Epitopes of components of the plasminogen activation system are re-exposed in formalin-fixed paraffin sections by different retrieval techniques. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1998 46 469-476. 

Gill SK, Ishak M, Rylett RJ. Exposure of nuclear antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded necropsy human spinal cord tissue detection of NeuN. /. Neurosci. Meth. 2005 148 26-35. 

Kim SH, Kook MC, Song HG. Optimal conditions for the retrieval of CD4 and CD8 antigens in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. I. Mol. Histol. 2004 35 403 108. 

Kan RK, Pleva CM, Hamilton TA, et al. Immunolocalization of MAP-2 in routinely formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded guinea pig brain sections using micro-wave irradiation a comparison of different combinations of antibody clones and antigen retrieval buffer solutions. Micros. Microanal. 2005 11 175-180. 

Mighell AJ, Robinson PA, Hume WJ. Patterns of immunoreactivity to an anti-fibronectin polyclonal antibody in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded oral tissues are dependent on methods of antigen retrieval. J. Histochem. Cytochem. 1995 43 1107-1114. 

TABLE 2.1 Antigen Retrieval Used for Non-Formalin-Fixed Cytological Slides... 

Viegas MS, Martins TC, Seco F, et al. An improved and cost-effective methodology for the reduction of autofluorescence in direct immunofluorescence studies on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Ear. I. Histochem. 2007 51 59-66. 

Niki H, Hosokawa S, Nagaike K, et al. A new immunofluorostaining method using red fluorescence of PerCP on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. /. Immunol. Methods 2004 293 143-151. 

Robertson D, Savage K, Reis-Filho JS, et al. Multiple immunofluorescence labelling of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue. BMC Cell Biol. 2008 9 13. doi 10.1186/1471-2121-9-13. 

Prieto DA, Hood BL, Darfler MM, et al. Liquid TissueTM proteomic profiling of formalin-fixed tissues. BioTechniques 2005 38 S32-S35. 

Crockett DK, Lin Z, Vaughn CP, et al. Identification of proteins from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded cells by LC-MS/MS. Lab. Invest. 2005 85 1405-1415. 

Shi S-R, Liu C, Balgley BM, et al. Protein extraction from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections quality evaluation by mass spectrometry. I. Histochem. 

Rahimi F, Shepherd CE, Halliday GM, et al. Antigen-epitope retrieval to facilitate proteomic analysis of formalin-fixed archival brain tissue. Anal. Chem. 2006 78 7216-7221. 

Shiurba RA, Spooner ET, Ishiguro K, et al. Immunocytochemistry of formalin-fixed human brain tissues microwave irradiation of free-floating sections. Brain Res. Brain Res. Protoc. 1998 2 109-119. 

EXTRACTION OF DNA/RNA FROM FORMALIN-FIXED, PARAFFIN-EMBEDDED TISSUE BASED ON THE ANTIGEN RETRIEVAL PRINCIPLE... 

Compound (Miles Laboratories, Elkhart, IN), snap-frozen, and cut into sections for comparison with paraffin-embedded cell sections (3) FFPE Cell Blocks Six cell pellets were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin immediately after harvest, at room temperature for 6,12,24h, 3,7, and 30 days, respectively. For further comparison with the cell model system, recently collected sample of human breast cancer tissues were processed by OCT-embedding and snap-freezing the corresponding routine FFPE block that was obtained from the Norris Cancer Hospital and Research Institute at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine (USC). This tissue block was processed routinely (formalin-fixed 24h and processed by automatic equipment). 

Dubeau L, Chandler LA, Gralow JR, et al. Southern blot analysis of DNA extracted from formalin-fixed pathology specimens. Cancer Res. 1986 46 2964-2969. 

Faulkner SW, Leigh DA. Universal amplification of DNA isolated from small regions of paraffin-embedded, formalin-fixed tissue. BioTechniques 1998 24 47-50. 

Frank TS, Svoboda-Newman SM, Hsi ED. Comparison of methods for extracting DNA from formalin-fixed paraffin sections for nonisotopic PCR. Diagn. Mol. Pathol. 1996 5 220-224. 

Coombs NJ, Gough AC, Primrose JN. Optimisation of DNA and RNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed tissue. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 27 el2-el7. 

Masuda N, Ohnishi T, Kawamoto S, et al. Analysis of chemical modification of RNA from formalin-fixed samples and optimization of molecular biology applications for such samples. Nucleic Acids Res. 1999 27 4436 1443. 

Shi S-R, Cote RJ, Wu L, et al. DNA extraction from archival formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections based on the antigen retrieval principle heating under the influence of pH. /. Histochem. Cytochem. 2002 50 1005-1011. 

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