Expression levels

Constitutive receptor activity, receptors spontaneously produce conformations that activate G-proteins in the absence of agonists. This activity, referred to as constitutive activity, can be observed in systems in which the receptor expression levels are high and the resulting levels of spontaneously activating receptor species produce a visible physiological response. An inverse agonist reverses this constitutivie activity and thus reduces, in a dose-dependent... 

There is also crosstalk between the two pathways above the mitochondria. The BH3-only protein BID is cleaved by caspase-8 and -10 which yields truncated BID (tBED), the active pro-apoptotic fragment of BID. Thereby, even in cells in which the direct apoptosis pathway which result from death receptor crosslinking is blocked, e.g. by high expression levels ofthex-linked IAP (XIAP), the activity of tBED on mitochondria can result in the activation of caspase-3 because the IAP-imposed block on full caspase-3 activation and caspase-9 activity at the apoptosome is released by Smac/ DIABLO. 

Transfected cell systems with high expression levels Coupling to Gs, stimulation of cAMP production ... 

Neither chemical nor pharmacological chaperones lead to wild-type expression levels of the mutant proteins at the cell surface. Alternative or additional strategies are needed to improve the intracellular transport of the mutant proteins. In the future, dtugs may also be developed that influence those components of the quality control system that are involed in the retention of misfolded proteins. 

In addition to the described lipid pathways mainly operative in macrophages, two further ABC-transporteis, ABCG5 and ABCG8 have been implicated in the efflux of dietary sterols from intestinal cells back into the gut lumen and from liver to the bile duct (Fig 1). Both ABC-transporters form a functional heterodimer with highest expression levels in liver and intestine and are regulated... 

The entire population of mRNA transcripts in the cell, weighted by their expression levels. 

ADCC. Cetuximab is approved for treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) and squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Interestingly, an adverse event, acneiform rash seems to correlate with a better response to cetuximab, while there is no such correlation with expression levels of EGFR assessed by immunohistochemistry. Further side effects are rare infusion reactions and hypomagnesia. Two other anti-EGFR antibodies approved for clinical use are the fully human antibody panitumumab (Vectibix)... 

In the Long QT Syndrome (LQTS), the repolarization phase of the cardiac muscle is delayed, rendering the heart vulnerable to an arrhythmia known as torsade de pointes. LQTS is associated with five genes encoding ion channels. LQTS type 3 (LQT3) results from mutations of Nav1.5, which cause persistent sodium cunent. In contrast, sodium channel mutations associated with Biugada syndrome reduce the expression level of cardiac sodium channels. 

Protein Cell Type/Organism Expression Level Effect on Cell Locomotion Reference... 

Several studies were performed on the optimization of expression levels of ELP proteins in E. coli. In a recent example, the expression protocol was optimized for an ELP fusion with green fluorescent protein (GFP). This fusion protein was expressed and purified in a yield of 1.6 g/L of bacterial culture, which finally yielded 400 mg GFP/L bacterial culture. This extremely high yield was found after uninduced expression in nutrient-rich medium supplemented with phosphate, glycerol and certain amino acids, such as proline and alanine [234]. The influence of fusion order was also examined and it was found that positioning the ELP at the C-terminus of target protein resulted in significantly higher expression levels [35]. 

Apart from their role in regulating chemokine signaling, opioids can also modulate chemokine or chemokine receptor expression levels in the brain. Studies suggest that morphine can alter the gene expression of both a and p chemokines and their... 

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