Cell-based

A nematic liquid crystal cell, based on Merck Licrilite E202, was used in these experiments. The rod like liquid crystal molecules preferentially aligned themselves with each other and to an alignment surface in the liquid crystal device. Any birefringence. An, was given as the difference between the two orthogonal refractive indices. As a consequence, any resulting... 

Half-cells based on Ag-AgCl, Hg-HgO, Hg-HgSQj and other system.s can be used as reference electrodes (see Table 3-1) 14]. Electrodes have been developed to operate up to 100 bar and 250°C (see Fig. 21-8). 

The translational direction of the lattice (c), which is the direction that the crystallite axis is not, because of the triclinic crystallographic system, is perpendicular to the plane of the unit cell base (ab). 

A few chemicals are based on the direct reaction of methane with other reagents. These are carbon disulfide, hydrogen cyanide chloromethanes, and synthesis gas mixture. Currently, a redox fuel cell based on methane is being developed. ... 

Figure 6.10b shows a pattern of antagonism often observed in isolated tissue studies but not so often in cell-based assays. Saturation of uptake systems for the agonist or saturation of an adsorption site for the agonist can account for this effect. The linear portion of the regression can be used to estimate the pKB or the pA2. If there is a loss of concentration dependence of antagonism, as seen in... 

Kunkel, E. J., Plavec, L, Nguyen, D., Melrose, J., Rosier, E. S., Kao, L. T., Wang, Y., Hytopoulos, E., Bishop, A. C., Bateman, R., et al. (2004). Rapid structure-activity and selectivity analysis of kinase inhibitors by Bio Map analysis in complex human primary cell-based models. ASSAY Drug Dev. Technol. 2 431-441. 

The aim of this chapter is to give a state-of-the-art report on the plastic solar cells based on conjugated polymers. Results from other organic solar cells like pristine fullerene cells [7, 8], dye-sensitized liquid electrolyte [9], or solid state polymer electrolyte cells [10], pure dye cells [11, 12], or small molecule cells [13], mostly based on heterojunctions between phthaocyanines and perylenes [14], will not be discussed. Extensive literature exists on the fabrication of solar cells based on small molecular dyes with donor-acceptor systems (see for example [2, 3] and references therein). 

So the voltage of an electrochemical cell measures its capacity for doing electrical work. Different cells show different voltages. To see the importance of this voltage, consider the experiment shown in Figure 12-6. In Figure 12-6A we have a cell based upon reaction (27) ... 

We must control concentration during these measurements of E°, since the voltage of a cell changes as concentrations change. For example, in the laboratory we studied a cell based on reaction (38) ... 

Another way to verify the usefulness of Table 12-11 is to compare its voltage predictions to one we have measured. For example, we found a value of approximately 0.5 volt for a cell based on reaction (46) ... 

You might wonder what we would have learned if we had assumed that either of these two cells operates with the reverse reaction. Suppose we had proposed a cell based on oxidation of nickel and reduction of zinc ... 

In an alternative procedure designed to deal with minute volumes of liquid, Walter38 set up a layer cell based upon the technique employed in instant colour photographic films, Such a cell designed to determine potassium ions made use of two layer assemblies terminating in valinomycin electrodes, so that with a standard potassium chloride solution added to one assembly, and the... 

The mobility of lithium ions in cells based on cation intercalation reactions in clearly a crucial factor in terms of fast and/or deep discharge, energy density, and cycle number. This is especially true for polymer electrolytes. There are numerous techniques available to measure transport... 

Finally, lentiviral vectors have been shown to transduce human embryonic stem cells. Therefore, this type of gene-therapy vector might also be used in stem cell-based therapies. 

Although pharmacology still relies heavily on small chemical substances, biologicals like recombinant proteins, cell-based therapies, and gene-therapy approaches have great potential for the treatment of broad spectrum of diseases. Therefore, the focus of modem pharmacology should shift towards these innovative therapies. 

Not all cell-based functional assays are directed against a specific molecular target. Indeed many drugs... 

The superfamily of small GTPases consists of more than 100 members from yeast to human with more than 80 members expressed in mammalian cells. Based on structural and functional similarities the GTPases are subdivided into five major classes. 

Sample cells were fabricated from tungsten. Additional crucibles composed of a Pt-40 w/o Rh-8 w/o W alloy were also used in experiments on the PuPt phase. Each tungsten cell was vacuum outgassed at 1800 for 1 h before an experiment. The cell temperature was determined during the measurements by sighting with a pyrometer (Pyrometer Instrument Co.) onto a blackbody hole in each cell base. The pyrometer and sight glasses were calibrated with an NBS standard lamp. 

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