Cytokine mRNA

Sparmann G, Behrend S, Merkord J, Kieine HD, Grasser E, Ritter T, Liebe S, Emmrich J (2001) Cytokine mRNA ieveis and iymphocyte infiitration in pancreatic tissue during experimentai chronic pancreatitis induced by dibutyitin dichioride. Digestive Diseases and Sciences, 46 1647-1656. 

Varney VA. Hamid QA. Gaga M. Ying S. Jacobson M, Frew AJ. Kay AB. Durham SR Influence of grass pollen immunotherapy on cellular infiltration and cytokine mRNA expression during allergen-induced late-phase cutaneous responses. J Clin Invest 1993 92 644-651. 

Detection of cytokine mRNA and cytokine receptor mRNA allowed identification of the full range of sources and target cells of individual cytokines. 

Plitnick, L.M., Loveless, S.E., Ladies, G.S., Holsapple, M.P., Smialowicz, RJ., Woolhiser, M.R., Anderson, P.K., Smith, C., and Selgrade, M J., Cytokine mRNA profiles for isocyanates with known and unknown potential to induce respiratory sensitization, Toxicology, 207, 487, 2005. 

Pisa, E.K. et al., OKT3-induced cytokine mRNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells measured by polymerase chain reaction, ScandL J. Immunol., 36, 745, 1992. 

DON affects mRNA stability of IL-6 and TNF-a similarly to that of COX-2.30 35 DON also prolongs half-life of IL-2 mRNA in EL-4 cells in a concentration-dependent fashion.36 These results suggest that DON-mediated cytokine mRNA upregulation in both macrophages and T cells is also explainable, in part, by enhanced mRNA stability. 

Zhou, H. R., Yan D., and Pestka J.J. Differential cytokine mRNA expression in mice after oral exposure to the trichothecene vomitoxin (deoxynivalenol) Dose response and time course. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 144, 294, 1997. 

Turrin, N. P. et al. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induction in the periphery and brain following intraperitoneal administration of bacterial lipopolysac-charide. Brain Res. Bul.l 54, 443, 2001. 

Plitnick, L.M., et al., Cytokine mRNA profiles for isocyanates with known and unknown potential to induce respiratory sensitization, Toxicology, 207, 487, 2005. 

Cytokine profiling has also been measured as a function of changes in cytokine mRNA expression using either reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) [87, 91-93] or ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) [94-97], Measurement of cytokine transcripts by RT-PCR revealed that prolonged exposure to TMA induced increased levels of IL-4 mRNA expression compared with treatment with DNCB [87,92-93]. However, expression of the type 1 cytokine IFN-y by DNCB-activated LNC was variable and failed to discriminate between contact and respiratory allergens [87,91,93). A similar profile was observed for freshly isolated tissue analyzed by RPA. This somewhat less... 

Manetz, T.C., Pettit, D.A. and Meade, B.J., The determination of draining lymph node cell cytokine mRNA levels in BALB/c mice following dermal sodium lauryl sulfate, di-nitrofluorobenzene, and toluene diisocyanate exposure. Toxicol. Appl. Pharm., 171, 174, 2001. 

Gilliand G, Perrin S, Blanchard K, Bunn HF. 1990b. Analysis of cytokine mRNA and DNA detection and quantitation by competitive polymerase chain reaction. Proc Natl Acad... 

Meltzer JC, Sanders V, Grimm PC, Stern E, Rivier C, et al. 1998. Production of digoxigenin-labelled RNA probes and the detection of cytokine mRNA in rat spleen and brain by in situ hybridization. Brain Res Prot 2 339-351. 

Fell, J. M., Paintin, M., Arnaud-Battandier, F., Beattie, R. M., Hollis, A., Kitching, P., Donnet-Hughes, A., MacDonald, T. T., and Walker-Smith, J. A. (2000). Mucosal healing and a fall in mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA induced by a specific oral polymeric diet in paediatric Crohn s disease. Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther. 14, 281-289. 

T-cells influence. SSTE and nicotine were incubated in splenic mononuclear cells at concentrations of 1 10 or 1 10 dilutions of STD, or 10 or 100 i.g/mL nicotine, during 4 days of stimulation with anti-CD3. The treatment sustained expression of IL-2, IFN-y, IL-10, and IL-4 cytokine mRNA at 100 i.g/mL nicotine. STD did not exhibit residual expression of cytokine mRNA. Restimulated STD exhibited maximum IL-2, IL-4, IFN- y, and IL-10 mRNA at 48 hours . STE, in splenic mononuclear cell culture at LlOHo 1 10 dilutions, increased IL-2 production and decreased IL-10 at 1 10 dilution. IFN-y production was decreased at all concentrations. STE did not alter IL-4 product ion k P-benzoquinone, a thiol-reactive benzene derivative from cigarette tar, was incubated in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a concentration of 10 xM. The treat-... 

Combined effect of cigarette smoke and mineral fibers on the gene expression of cytokine mRNA. Environ Health Perspect 1999 107(6) 495-500. 

Muller et al. [17] MW CNT, purified Peritoneal macrophages of rats - incubation in solution with 20, 50 and 100 mg/mL CNT, contact time 24 h Release of lactate dehydrogenase and inflammatory cytokines (mRNA squirrel TNF-a)... 

Wynn, T.A., Eltoum, I., Cheever, A.W., Lewis, F.A., Cause, W.C. and Sher, A. (1993) Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression during primary granuloma formation induced by eggs of Schistosoma mansoni. The Journal of Immunology 151,1 430-1 440. 

Brodbeck WG, Voskerician G, Ziats NP, Nakayama Y, Matsuda T, Anderson JM. In vivo leukocyte cytokine mRNA responses to biomaterials are dependent on surface chemistry. Journal ofBiomedicalMaterials Research A 2003, 64, 320-329. 

Steppan LB, Kirkvliet NI. 1991. Influence of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the production of inflammatory cytokine mRNA by C57B1/6 macrophages [Abstract 45], Toxicologist 11 35. 

Rabinovitch, A., Suarez-Pinzon, W. L., Sorensen, O., Bleackley, R. C., Power, R. F. and Rajotte, R. V. (1995). Combined therapy with interleukin-4 and interleukin-10 inhibits autoimmune diabetes recurrence in syngeneic islet-transplanted nonobese diabetic mice. Analysis of cytokine mRNA expression in the graft.Transplantation 60, 368-374. 

Torres, P. F., Siegers, T. P., Peek, R., et al. (1999), Changes in cytokine mRNA levels in experimental corneal allografts after local clodronate-liposome treatment, Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci., 40,3194-3201. 

F. 1 Constitutive expression of CNS cytokines. RNA from brains of male and female BALB/c mouse pups at 21 days of age was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Whole-brain RNA was isolated using the Qiagen lipid Tissue Midi RNA isolation kit. Brains were pooled by gender within each litter. Cytokine mRNA quantity was normalized to endogenous control GAPDH. Each bar represents mean S.D. for /V of 3 L. All of the cytokine levels significantly (p < 0.05) differed from each other except the following IL-6 TNF , lL-13 lFNy, and TNF lFNy LT-P from IL-5, IL-6, IL-11, IL-13, TNFa, and IFNy... 

Fig. 3 Pb effect on expression of cytokines IL-6, TGF-P1, and IL-18 in the brain. Cytokine mRNA from the brains of female and male mouse pups at pnd21 was quantified by real-time RT-PCR. Whole-brain RNA was isolated using a Qiagen lipid Tissue kit. Mouse pup brains from each litter were pooled according to gender. AU cytokine RNA quantitation results were normalized to endogenous GAPDH. Each bar represents mean S.D. for an iV of 3 L. Significance, indicated by an asterisk,, was determined by the Student s /-test, p < 0.05. The p value for both female and male lL-6 gene expression Pb is 0.056 and the p value for male TGF-P1 gene expression Pb is 0.20 (Data for lL-6 and TGF-beta has been published in Kasten-JoUy et al., J. Biochem. Molec. Toxicol. 2010)...

Chen, T, Shen, E, Zhang, I, and Hua, Z. 2005. Effects of microcystin-LR on patterns of iNOS and cytokine mRNA expression in macrophages in vitro. Wiley Periodicals Inc Env Toxicol 20 85-91. 

Zhou, H.R., Islam, Z., Pestka, J.J. (2003a). Rapid, sequential activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and transcription factors precedes proinflammatory cytokine mRNA expression in spleens of mice exposed to the trichothecene vomitoxin. 

Kalies K, Blessenohl M, Nietsch J, Westermann J (2006) T cell zones of lymphoid organs constitutively express Thl cytokine mRNA Specific changes during the early phase of an immune response. J Immunol 176 741-749. 

Trovafloxacin may down-regulate cytokine mRNA transcription in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide or lipoteichoic acid (2). Likewise, trovafloxacin inhibited Salmonella typhimurium-induced production of TNFa, HIV-1 replication, and reactivation of latent HIV-1 in promonocytic U1 cells at concentrations comparable to the plasma and tissue concentrations achieved by therapeutic dosages (3). 

Bromelain is a mixture of cysteine proteases obtained from pineapple stems (Ananas comosus, Bromeliaceae) that has been used therapeutically for the treatment of inflammation and trauma [119]. 7n vitro, it has varied stimulatory effects on leukocyte populations, increases CD2-mediated T cell activation, enhances Ag-independent binding to monocytes, etc. The effects of bromelain have previously been attributed to its degradative action at cell surfaces. However, it also acts independent of the removal of cell surface molecules [120]. In order to investigate the possible hormonelike effects of bromelain on intracellular signalling, its effects on TCR7CD3 signalling and IL-2 production were studied. It was observed that bromelain inhibits ERK-2 activation in ThO cells stimulated via the TCR, or with combined TPA plus calcium ionophore. In addtion, bromelain decreased IL-2, IFN-y, and IL-4 mRNA accumulation in ThO cells stimulated with TPA plus calcium ionophore, while the cytokine mRNA accumulation in cells stimulated via TCR was not affected. It seems that bromelain does not act on ERK-2 directly but also inhibits p2r activation, an effector molecule upstream from ERK-2 in the Raf-1/MEKl/ERK kinase cascade. Since p21 is an effector for multiple MAPK pathways, it is likely that bromelain affects other MAPK signalling cascades, such as the INK pathway or p38 MAPK pathway [121],... 

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