Carcinoma metastatic

Red blood cells also contain sufficient acid phenylphospha-tase for mild hemolysis to cause false elevations. Therefore, inhibitors such as ethanol, formaldehyde, copper sulfate> and 1-tartrate have been used to inhibit selectively the enzyme of one or more tissues and enhance the specificity of the test (101). Ethanol is unsuitable because it inhibits the enzyme from erythrocytes and prostate simultaneously, and because it yields serum activities which correlate poorly with prostatic disease. Formaldehyde inhibits the erythrocytic enzyme and has been said to yield clinically satisfactory results. The copoper resistant acid phosphatase of serum is elevated by metastatic carcinoma of the breast, as well as by other metastatic cancers, and is also elevated by a wide variety of non-cancerous diseases. 

Figure 3.3 Comparison of array CGH among DNA extracted from fresh tissue, FFPE tissue by heating protocol or nonheating protocol for two human tissue samples of metastatic carcinoma in lymph node (a-c), and undifferentiated non-small cell carcinoma (d-f). Array CGH hybridization genomic profiles show ratio values representing relative copy number of single BACs. A good result is scored as 1.0 that indicates a low standard deviation for gains (>0.2), normal (0.0), or losses (<-0.2). In these two cases, fresh samples show best score as 2, both FFPE tissue samples show identical score of 3. Each spot represents the average of three replicates. Clones are ordered by chromosomal position as numbers at the bottom (x axis) of each picture. The y axis is the log2 ratio of test reference intensity. Provided by Sandy DeVries from Dr. Frederic Waldman s Lab at UCSF.

A number of toxic conditions beside hypoosmotic stress and hypoxia/ischemia produce brain edema and the causes may be related to regulation of the aquaporins (see Ch. 34). AQP1 and AQP4 are intensely upregulated in reactive astrocytes in subarachnoid hemorrhage [69], in human glioma and astrocytoma [70] and AQP4 in endothelia and reactive astrocytes in metastatic carcinoma [71,72]. 

Speciai risk Use with caution in the following situations Nonspecific ulcerative colitis if there is a probability of impending perforation, abscess, or other pyogenic infection diverticulitis fresh intestinal anastomoses hypertension CHF thromboembolitic tendencies thrombophlebitis osteoporosis exanthema Cushing syndrome antibiotic-resistant infections convulsive disorders metastatic carcinoma myasthenia gravis vaccinia varicella diabetes mellitus hypothyroidism, cirrhosis (enhanced effect of corticosteroids). 

In addition to the usual intravenous or oral routes, some anticancer agents have been administered by regional intraarterial perfusion to increase drug delivery to the tumor itself and at the same time diminish systemic toxicity. Thus, patients with metastatic carcinomas of the liver and little or no disease elsewhere (a common occurrence in colorectal cancer) can be treated with a continuous infusion of fluorouracil or floxuridine through a catheter implanted in the hepatic artery. 

In metastatic carcinoma continue until progression noted... 

It is used in the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of colon or rectum. 

It is used as palliative treatment of estrogen receptor positive advanced or metastatic carcinoma of breast. 

Burris HA, 3rd, Hurwitz HI, Dees EC et al. Phase I safety, pharmacokinetics, and clinical activity study of lapatinib (GW5720I6), a reversible dual inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases, in heavily pretreated patients with metastatic carcinomas. JCfiri Oncol2005 23 5305-5313. Zaks T, Akkari A, Briley L et al. Role of pharmacogenetic studies in early clinical development Phase I studies with lapatinib. JCfiW Oncol 2006 24 3029. 

Profound hypocalcemia occurred in a patient with osteoblastic metastatic carcinoma of the prostate after treatment with diethylstilbestrol 15 mg/day for 7 days (SED-12,1032) (4). 

When megestrol acetate was used alongside diethylstil-bestrol or ethinylestradiol in men with previously untreated metastatic carcinoma of the prostate, there was a high incidence of feminizing adverse effects (70-74%), no doubt attributable to the estrogens a higher than expected rate of cardiovascular complications (18%) and an unexplained need for cortisone replacement (13%) were also observed (12). 

Crombie C, Raghavan D, Page J, Woods R, Dailey D, Devine R, Rosen M. Phase II study of megestrol acetate for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Br J Urol 1987 59(5) 443-6. 

A 65-year-old man, with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate was treated with flutamide 250 mg/day orally followed after 6 days by 7.5mg leuprolide intramuscularly. Two days later he developed bleeding and hematomas. His hemoglobin fell from 12.4 to 7.8 g/dl and he had a disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. 

Decensi AU, Boccardo F, Guameri D, Positano N, Paoletti MC, Costantini M, Martorana G, Giuliani L (1991) Monotherapy with nilutamide, a pure nonsteroidal antiandrogen, in untreated patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The Italian Prostatic Cancer Project. J Urol 146 377-381... 

Proca DM, Niemann TH, Porcell AI, DeYoung BR. MOC31 immunoreactivity in primary and metastatic carcinoma of the liver report of findings and review of other utilized markers. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2000 8 120-5. 

H21. Huggins, C., and Hodges, C. V., Studies on prostate cancer. 1. The effect of castration, of estrogen and of androgen injection on serum phosphatases in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer Res. 1, 293-297 (1941). 

Last, population pharmacokinetics of sibrotuzumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against fibroblast activation protein (FAP), which is expressed in the stromal fibroblasts in >90% of malignant epithelial tumors, were analzyed in patients with advanced or metastatic carcinoma after multiple IV infusions of doses ranging from 5 mg/m to a maximum of 100 mg (78). The PK model consisted of two distribution compartments with parallel first-order and Michaelis-Menten elimination pathways from the central compartment. Body weight was significantly correlated with both central and peripheral distribution volumes, the first-order elimination clearance, and ymax of the Michaelis-Menten pathway. Of interest was the observation that body surface area was inferior to body weight as a covariate in explaining interpatient variability. 

In hyperkalaemia, oral administration or retention enemas of a polystyrene sulphonate resin may be used. A sodium phase resin (Resonium A) should obviously not be used in patients with renal or cardiac failure as sodium overload may result. A calcium phase resin (Calcium Resonium) may cause hypercalcaemia and should be avoided in predisposed patients, e.g. those with multiple myeloma, metastatic carcinoma, hyperparathyroidism and sarcoidosis. Enemas should be retained for as long as possible, although patients rarely manage for... 

Carcinoma of the prostate is today one of the three most frequent causes of death from neoplastic disease in men in the United States (G4). The early studies of Gutman and his associates (Gil, G12, R6, S30) established that serum acid phosphatase activity was elevated very frequently in patients with metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. It is of interest to consider briefly the uncertainties inherent in the development of this relationship. Skeletal metastases, if sufficiently large, are of course detectable by roentgenographic examination, but smaller ones may not be, and metastases to soft tissues may likewise be undetectable. For example, in 15 cases of metastazing carcinoma reported by Gutman... 

Of considerable interest were the much higher incidences of elevated acid phosphatase activities in patients with nonprostatic, metastatic neoplastic disease. For example, in 70 female patients with metastatic carcinoma of the breast, the range of activities was 7.3 to 101 units, with 74% of the patients showing elevated activities. In 48 males with nonprostatic metastatic carcinoma and in 42 females with nonmammary metastatic carcinoma, the incidence of elevated acid phosphatase activities were 46% and 31%, respectively. 

B22. Bodansky, O., Serum phosphohexose isomerase in cancer. III. As an index of tumor growth in metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. Cancer 8, 1087-1114 (1955). 

Cortes E, Zuckerman MJ, Ho H. Recurrent Salmonella arizona infection after treatment for metastatic carcinoma J Clin Gastroenterol 1992 14(2) 157-9. 

Topotecan and irinotecan both act by inhibiting topoisomerase I (topo I) enzymes, thereby inhibiting DNA replication. They are cell cycle-specific agents with most activity for cells in the S phase. Topotecan is used for treatment of refractory metastatic ovarian carcinoma and small cell lung cancer. It also may be useful in the treatment of head and neck cancer. Irinotecan is indicated for the treatment of metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum. 

Indications Suppression of adrenal function, metastatic carcinoma... 

Trade names Eloxatin (Sanofi-Aventis) Heloxatin Indications Metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum (in combination with fluorouracil)... 

Indications Breast cancer and metastatic carcinoma of the ovary Category Taxane Half-life 5-17 hours... 

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