Population-based

In order to compare populations based on their respective samples, it is necessaiy to have some basis of comparison. This basis is predicated on the distribution of the t statistic. In effecd, the t statistic characterizes the way in which two sample means from two separate populations will tend to vaiy by chance alone when the population means and variances are equal. Consider the following ... 

Provides detailed methods for promptly identifying the affected area and population based on release information ... 

Silverman et Population-based Printing industry (ever) M 50/45 1.1 0.7-1.7 Crude odds ratio... 

Schoenberg et al. USA Population-based Printing workers (ever) M 20/38 0.9 0.5-1.5 Adjusted for age. 

Brownson ec al. Population-based, other Printing machine 7/8 3,1 1.1-8.9 All controls Pro.state cancer... 

Silverman ec Population-based Printer (ever) M (white) 37/77 0,8 0.5-1.2 Adjusted for smoking fre-... 

Schoenberg et al. Population-based Printing workers > 10 years M 20/11 2.5 1.0-6.1 Adjusted for smoking... 

Hanvelt et al. (1994) estimated the nationwide indirect costs of mortality due to HIV/AIDS in Canada. A descriptive, population-based economic evaluation study was conducted. Data from Statistics Canada were used, which contained information about aU men aged 25-64 years for whom HIV/AIDS or another selected disease was listed as the underlying cause of death from 1987 to 1991. Based on the human capital approach, the present value of future earnings lost for men was calculated. The estimated total loss from 1987 to 1991 was US 2.11 billion, with an average cost of US 558,000 per death associated with HIV/AIDS. Future production loss due to HIV/AIDS was more than double during the period 1987 to 1991, from US 0.27 to US 0.60 billion. A more comprehensive update of this smdy was presented by Hanvelt et al. (1996). The same database and the same data section but for the calendar years 1987-1993 was used. The indirect cost of future production due to HIV/AIDS in Canada based on the human capital approach for that period was estimated to be US 3.28 billion. The authors also calculated the willingness-to-pay to prevent premature death due to HIV/AIDS, which was estimated based on... 

In population-based studies from the USA, self-reported peanut allergy in children rose from 0.4% in 1997 to 0.8% in 2002 [21]. In the UK, prevalence rates for peanut allergy are in excess of 1%. Data from England points in the same direction with a twofold increase in reported peanut allergy. 

Mulla ZD, Simon MR Hospitalizations for anaphy- 20 laxis in Florida epidemiologic analysis of a population-based dataset. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 119 S32. 

Peng MM. Jick H A population-based study of the incidence, cause, and severity of anaphylaxis in the United Kingdom. Arch Intern Med 2004 164 317-319. Bohlke K, Davis RL, DeStefano F. et al Vaccine Safety Datalink Team. Epidemiology of anaphylaxis among children and adolescents enrolled in a health maintenance organization. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004 113 536-542. 

Simon MR, Mulla ZD A population-based epidemiologic analysis of deaths from anaphylaxis in Florida. Allergy 2008 63 1077-1083. 

Simons FE, Peterson S, Black CD Epinephrine dispensing for the out-of-hospital treatment of anaphylaxis in infants and children a population-based study. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2001 86 622-626. 

Population-based search techniques, such as evolutionary algorithms, are natural choices for Pareto-based methods because they work with a set of interim, approximate solutions on the way to an overall optimum. 

Data on antidepressant dmgs are available from a number of sources randomized, controlled clinical trials (RCTs) in both hospital and primary-care populations decision analytic models population-based naturalistic observational studies of usual... 

Naturalistic population-based studies use epidemiological methods to attempt to identify outcomes from real world clinical practice in large, heterogeneous populations. 

Skopehtis EE, Kokotis PI et al (2006) Distal sensory polyneuropathy in HIV-positive patients in the HAART era an entity underestimated by clinical examination. Int J STD AIDS 17(7) 467-472 Smyth K, Affandi JS et al (2007) Prevalence of and risk factors for HIV-associated neuropathy in Melbourne, Australia 1993-2006. HIV Med 8(6) 367-373 Snider WD, Simpson DM et al (1983) Neurological complications of acquired immune deficiency syndrome analysis of 50 patients. Ann Neurol 14(4) 403-418 So YT, Olney RK (1994) Acute lumbosacral polyradiculopathy in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome experience in 23 patients. Ann Neurol 35(l) 53-58 So YT, Holtzman DM et al (1988) Peripheral neuropathy associated with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Prevalence and clinical features from a population-based survey. Arch Neurol 45(9) 945-948... 

A rangewide comparison of outlying and central lodgepole pine populations based... 

Kleindorfer D, Kissela B, Schneider A, Woo D, Khoury J, Miller R, Alwell K, Gebel J, Szaflarski J, Pancioli A, Jauch E, Moomaw C, Shukla R, Broderick JP. Eligibility for recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke a population-based study. Stroke. 2004 35 e27-29. 

In rodent stroke models, statin pretreatment has been shown to reduce infarct volumes and improve outcomes. Similarly, several clinical studies have shown that prior statin use reduced the severity of acute ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction. Recent studies indicate that beneftt can be achieved even when treatment is initiated after the onset of symptoms. In rodents, atorvastatin and simvastatin have been shown to reduce the growth of ischemic lesions, enhance functional outcome, and induce brain plasticity when administered after stroke onset. A retrospective analysis of the population-based Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS) showed that patients using lipid-lowering agents at the time of ischemic stroke have a lower incidence of in-hospital stroke progression and reduced 90-day mortality rates. Retrospective analysis of data of the phase III citicoline trial showed... 

Lovett JK, Coull AJ, Rothwell PM. Early risk of recurrence by subtype of ischemic stroke in population-based incidence studies. Neurology 2004 62 569-573. 

Petty GW, Brown RD, Whisnant JP, Sicks JD, O Fallon WM, Wiebers DO. Ischemic stroke subt3fpes. A population based study of functional outcome, survival, and recurrence. Stroke 2000 1062. 

SEOW A, SHI C Y, CHUNG F L, JIAO D, HANKIN J H, LEE H P, COETZEE G A and YU M C (1998) Urinary total isothiocyanate (ITC) in a population-based sample of middle-aged and older Chinese in Singapore relationship with dietary total ITC and glutathione S-transferase Ml/Tl/Pl genotypes . Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev, 7 775-81. 

KOMULAINEN M, KROGER H, TUPPURAINEN M T, HEIKKINEN A M, ALHAVA E, HONKANEN R, lURVELIN I and SAARiKOSKi s (1999) Prevention of femoral and lumbar bone loss with hormone replacement therapy and vitamin D3 in early postmenopausal women a population-based 5-year randomized trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 84, 546-52. 

YU G p, HsiEH c c, WANG L Y, YU s z, LI x L and JIN T H (1995) Green tea consiunption and risk of stomach cancer a population-based case-control smdy in Shanghai, China , Cancer Causes Control, 6, 532-8. 

An inverse correlation between thyroid cancer risk and phytoestrogens was recently proposed as a result of a multi-ethnic population-based case control study conducted in the San Francisco Bay Area (Hom-Ross et al., 2002). In this study, dietary habits and phytoestrogen consumption were assessed by a food-frequency questionnaire and by a nutrient database. The outcome of the study was that soy-based foods and alfalfa sprouts were associated with a reduction of thyroid cancer risk, whereas a Western diet did not influence cancer risk. No difference was observed between American and Asian women or between pre- and postmenopausal women. Furthermore, among the few compounds examined, the isoflavones genistein and daidzein and the lignan secoisolariciresinol were the phytoestrogens most frequently associated with risk reduction (Horn-Ross et al., 2002). 

VANHARANTA M, VOUTILAINEN S, LAKKA T A, VAN DER LEE M, ADLERCREUTZ H, SALONEN J T (1999) Risk of acute coronary events according to serum concentrations of enterolactone a prospective population-based case-control study, The Lancet, 354, 2112-15. 

Risk characterization is the last step in the risk assessment procedure. It is the quantitative or semi-quantitative estimation, including uncertainties, of frequency and severity of known or potential adverse health effects in a given population based on the previous steps. Risk characterization is the step that integrates information on hazard and exposure to estimate the magnitude of a risk. Comparison of the numerical output of hazard characterization with the estimated intake will give an indication of whether the estimated intake is a health concern. ... 

Ekbom, A., Helmick, C., Zack, M. and Adami H-O (1990). Ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer a population-based study. N. Engl. J. Med. 1228-1233. 

Epidemiological studies in Europe reveal an inverse relationship between plasma vitamin E levels and the incidence of ischaemic heart disease (Gey and Puska 1989), and the risk of angina pectoris appears to increase with low plasma levels of vitamins E, A and C (Rie-mersma et al., 1991). These interesting observations require further population-based controlled intervention trials with specific supplements of antioxidant vitamins (Gey etal., 1991). 

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