Proofing

Polyphosphates are used as detergents (calgon) but disposal of the residual phosphate causes major problems Phosphates are of importance as flame-proofing agents. See also phosphorus. 

Spirits are described as so many degrees over proof (OP) or under proof (UP). Sometimes, for alcoholic liquors, spirit strength is given in degrees proof, e.g. proof spirit is 100° proof and 70° proof 30° under proof (i.e. a solution eontaining 70% of proof spirit). 

In exploration wells which show hydrocarbon indications, it is often required to test the productivity of the well, and to capture a fluid sample. This can be used as proof of whether further exploration and appraisal is justified. If the well is unlikely to be used as... 

Afterwards, the vessels were pressurized according a proof test and a burst test with acoustic emission measurements. Acoustic emission data recorded during these tests are analysed in order to determine assessment criteria. The criteria are mainly based on ... 

The specific test was made into a specialized bunker of one partner of the CIAPES program. All the vessel was covered by AE sensors to locate witli accuracy AE sources. The corrosion defect was situated on the bottom of the vessel. The service pressure of the vessel was 8 bars, so the vessel was first submitted to a proof test at 12 bars. During this test, the pressure was increased with load holds in order to verify the assessment criteria. After the first hold at 4 bars, a cluster was located at the position of the defect. The number of events located in this cluster increased during all the test (figure 1). 

The high level of amplitude (> 60 dB) of these AE events indicated the presence of a evolving defect. After this proof test, the vessel was pressurized until burst. All along this test the activity of acoustic emission was very important, and divided in two phasis. 

No emission during holds was observed but the concentration of events in clusters and the high level of amplitude of events confirmed the results of the proof test. After 20 bars, the bottom of the vessel around the defect became silent and activity is observed in the high part of the vessel near welds. 

The defect was detected and located during the proof test, and acoustic emission could follow its evolution until 20 bars during the burst test. After the pressure, the evolution of defect stopped till the burst. This test confirm the capability of acoustic emission to detect the evolution of defect during a pneumatic test with a sufficiently wide margin relative to the burst pressure. 

Figure 1 location of acoustic emission source at the end of the proof test... 

It should be noted that these results are only preliminary and have to be considered as a proof of concept. As is clear from eq. (2) the phase contrast can be improved drastically by improving the global resolution and sensitivity of the instrument. Currently, a high resolution desktop system is under construction [5] in which the resolution is much better than that of the instrument used in this work, and in which the phase contrast is expected to be stronger by one order of magnitude. 

CR-5094 Inspection and surveillance of metallic pressure vessels during proof testing Di. M. Chedaoui CETIM... 

Show the reduction of Eq. VI-34 for the case of two identical materials 1 interacting through a medium 3. An analysis similar to that in Problem 12 provides a proof of your equation. Formulate this proof it is due to Hamaker [44]. 

J. L. Moilliet, Ed., Water Proofing and Water Repellency, Elsevier, New York, 1963. 

It is generally assumed that isosteric thermodynamic heats obtained for a heterogeneous surface retain their simple relationship to calorimetric heats (Eq. XVII-124), although it may be necessary in a thermodynamic proof of this to assume that the chemical potential of the adsorbate does not show discontinu-... 

The tliree protons in PH are identical aud indistinguishable. Therefore the molecular Hamiltonian will conmuite with any operation that pemuites them, where such a pemiutation interchanges the space and spin coordinates of the protons. Although this is a rather obvious syimnetry, and a proof is hardly necessary, it can be proved by fomial algebra as done in chapter 6 of [1]. 

If there are more than two subsystems in equilibrium in the large isolated system, the transfers of S, V and n. between any pair can be chosen arbitrarily so it follows that at equilibrium all the subsystems must have the same temperature, pressure and chemical potentials. The subsystems can be chosen as very small volume elements, so it is evident that the criterion of internal equilibrium within a system (asserted earlier, but without proof) is unifonnity of temperature, pressure and chemical potentials tlu-oughout. It has now been... 

No one doubts the correctness of either of these statements of the third law and they are universally accepted as equivalent. Flowever, there seems to have been no completely satisfactory proof of their equivalence some additional, but very plausible, assumption appears necessary in making the coimection. 

Liouville s theorem is a restatement of mechanics. The proof of the theorem consists of two steps. 

Finally, since obtains the result which concludes the proof of Liouville s theorem. 

---