Error proofing concept

An important element of prevention is the concept of designing the process to be error free through error proofing (the Japanese call it pokayoke or bakayoke). A widely used form of error proofing is the design (or redesign) of the machines and tools (the hardware ) so as to make human error improbable or even impossible [p. 347]. 

However, the equilibrium of the indicator adsorbed at an interface may also be affected by a lower dielectric constant as compared to bulk water. Therefore, it is better to use instead pH, the interfacial and bulk pK values in Eq. (50). The concept of the use at pH indicators for the evaluation of Ajy is also basis of other methods, like spin-labeled EPR, optical and electrochemical probes [19,70]. The results of the determination of the Aj by means of these methods may be loaded with an error of up to 50mV [19]. For some the potentials determined by these methods, Ajy values are in a good agreement with the electrokinetic (zeta) potentials found using microelectrophoresis [73]. It is proof that, for small systems, there is lack of methods for finding the complete value of A>. 

Before going into this, we should ask - how good does the speech sound if we give the formant synthesiser perfect input The specification-to-parameter component may produce errors and if we are interested in assessing the quality of the formant synthesis itself, it may be diffieult to do this from the specification directly. Instead we can use the technique of copy synthesis, where we forget about automatic text-to-speech conversion, and instead artificially generate the best possible parameters for the synthesiser. This test is in fact one of the comer stones of speech synthesis research it allows us to work on one part of the system in a modular fashion, but more importantly it acts as a proof of concept as to the synthesiser s eventual suitability for inelusion in the full TTS system. The key point is that if the synthesis sounds bad with the best possible input, then it will only sound worse when potentially error-full input is given instead. In effect copy synthesis sets the upper limit on expeeted quality from any system. 

The final two steps (Phases three and four) of this research program involve the design (Phase three) and conduct (Phase four) of a proof-of-concept pilot study on road user errors and latent conditions at intersections in Victoria. It is proposed that the pilot study be used to test and refine a novel methodology for collecting human error data within road transport and also to refine and validate the prototype model of road user error and contributing conditions presented in Figure 13.2. The proposed Phase four pilot study has the following three main aims ... 

An initial proof-of-concept pilot study design was proposed on the basis of the data requirements presented in Figure 13.4. The methods to be used in the proposed pilot study were extracted from the error tolerance framework (see Figure 13.3) and a brief review of the methods available for studying driver behaviour and collecting error-related data. The proposed pilot study methodology is presented in Figure 13.5. 

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